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Water, Energy and Food Nexus in Rice Production in Thailand

Pitak Ngammuangtueng, Napat Jakrawatana, Pariyapat Nilsalab, Shabbir H. Gheewala

Sustainability · 2019

This research introduces an approach to analyze the nexus of water, energy and rice production system at the watershed scale. The nexus relationship equations, developed to suit the local scale facilitating analysis in the rice production sector, were integrated with a Material Flow Analysis tool to expand the visualization capability. Moreover, the nexus flow was linked with the selected resource security, eco-efficiency and economic indicators, taking into account the spatial and temporal effect of water availability. The study covers the nexus resource flows not only in the rice production sector but also all other sectors in the whole watershed to assess local resource security. The tool covers wider implications, trade-offs and synergy impacts that were not much covered in previous studies. The tool was applied to evaluate the trade-offs and synergies of the impacts from proposed scenarios of alternative agricultural practices and land-use change options. The scenarios applying land-use change, and changing non-suitable and low-suitable rice cultivation areas to sugarcane and cassava, can reduce water use significantly resulting in reducing the nexus energy while the impact on economics, food security and direct energy use is small.

Water–Energy–Food Nexus of Sugarcane Production in Ethiopia

Wasihun G. Hailemariam, Thapat Silalertruksa, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Napat Jakrawatana

Environmental Engineering Science · 2019

Abstract Globally, the human population is facing difficulties vis-à-vis the ability to secure a sustainable supply of water, food, and energy due to the rising number of population, urbanization, globalization, and so on. The Ethiopian government has given emphasis on sugar and ethanol production from sugarcane, which will highly increase water and energy utilization in Ethiopia. The study aims to assess the water–energy–food nexus (WEFN) in the sugarcane production sector of Ethiopia. The set of indicators considering the consumption, mass, and economic productivity of water and energy in three different sugarcane producing factories in Ethiopia (Wonji-Shoa, Metehara, and Fincha) has been applied. An integrated indicator, so-called “water–energy–food nexus index (WEFNI),” is calculated to identify and compare the WEFN performance of the study sites. The assessment results helped to understand the water–energy–sugarcane relationships. The best nexus performance was found for Wonji Shoa, which has the highest WEFNI score that is, 0.63, followed by Fincha (0.47) and Metehara (0.45). The nexus assessment showed that the higher energy use in Wonji Shoa due to the modern irrigation technology implemented can be compensated by the reduction of water loss and productivity improvement, which finally lead to the increased WEFNI score. Recommendations such as adoption of modern irrigation system and substitution of fertilizers by filter cake are made for improving the WEFN of sugarcane cultivation. This study helps producers and stakeholders to understand their management performance and take actions to improve their productivity, profit, and resource management.

Carbon flow and management in regional rice production in Thailand

Napat Jakrawatana, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Sirintornthep Towprayoon

Carbon Management · 2019

This research aims to study the Carbon (C) flow, stock and management in rice production system, including rice cultivation, rice processing and management of rice by-products. The study boundaries are the rice production systems of four districts in Phayao province and the assessment technique is Material Flow Analysis (MFA). The results show that there was a positive C stock each year from large input of biomass residue. However, C loss from soil respiration still was very high because of the long fallow period. Straw was plowed back to the soil and tilled just a few days before flooding time causing high methane emissions at the beginning of cultivation. The recommendations for technology and management practices include harvesting straw for composting and returning the compost to soil, plowing the rest of the straw back to soil more than 30 days before the flooding period, accepting crop rotation practice instead of leaving the land fallow and finally, setting up a gasification or pyrolysis plant using straw to produce energy and by-product of bio-char for farmer to return it back to the soil. Applying feed-in-tariff or incentives like C-credit for reducing methane and C-credit for increasing C stock in the soil are also recommended.

Freshwater use analysis of cassava for food feed fuel in the Mun River basin, Thailand

Prus Pingmuanglek, Napat Jakrawatana, Shabbir H. Gheewala

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · 2017

Resource use and improvement strategy analysis of the livestock and feed production supply chain in Thailand

Sureeporn Khonpikul, Napat Jakrawatana, Piyapong Sangkaew, Shabbir H. Gheewala

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · 2017

Supply chain analysis for cassava starch production: Cleaner production opportunities and benefits

Prus Pingmuanglek, Napat Jakrawatana, Shabbir H. Gheewala

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2017

Carbon Footprint Reduction from Bangkok Urban Home Vegetable Garden

Suwanna Poonpolsup, Napat Jakrawatana, Mechai Pattarapremcharoen, Worajit Setthapun

IIRE International Journal of Renewable Energy · 2017

The objective of this work is to evaluate carbon footprint reduction from vegetables of Bangkok Urban Home Vegetable Garden model (BUG) compared with commercial vegetables.  The BUG model was developed based on appropriate home gardens in Bangkok and applied the concept of pesticide-free agriculture. The information on Bangkok home gardens were obtained from questionnaires by accidental sampling in Bangkok urban area, who are customer of pesticide-free vegetable stores, and who are interested in home gardening. Life cycle analysis was used to evaluate the environmental impact of CO2 emissions of Chinese kale, Chinese cabbage, bird pepper, holy basil and sweet basil for the Bangkok area.  The results revealed that vegetables from the BUG model emit 0.0753 kgCO2eq/kg of vegetable (37.8%) less than commercial vegetables. Total GHG emission of vegetable cultivation and raw material transportation in Bangkok is 6,542,700 kgCO2eq. Total GHG emission reduction for Bangkok is approximately 2,446,655 kgCO2eq in changing from commercial vegetables cultivation and raw material transportation into BUG model for 5 types of vegetables. One of the main GHG emission reduction is vegetables transportation from the other provincial production source to the selling points in Bangkok which account for 992,020 kgCO2eq.

Linking substance flow analysis and soil and water assessment tool for nutrient management

Napat Jakrawatana, Pitak Ngammuangtueng, Shabbir H. Gheewala

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2016

Material flow management and cleaner production of cassava processing for future food, feed and fuel in Thailand

Napat Jakrawatana, Prus Pingmuangleka, Shabbir H. Gheewala

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2015

Spatial–temporal enhancements of material flux analysis methods, with application to cadmium management in an agricultural region in Australia

Napat Jakrawatana, Stephen J. Moore, Samsung Lim, Iain MacGill

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · 2009