ผลงานตีพิมพ์ทั้งหมด

Measuring food waste national baseline and reduction strategies towards sustainable development goal

Rattanawan Mungkung, Katreeya Saejew, Napat Jakrawatana, Thanita Areerob, Supawan Khantotong, Kritana Prueksakorn

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management · 2025

This study aimed to quantify food waste to facilitate reporting aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals for Thailand. The required data was gathered through interviews covering retail, out-home consumption and households. The data collection was based on statistical sampling at a 95% confidence level with a potential error of less than 10% and included direct measurements for at least 10% of the total number of samples. The results indicated that Thailand generated 12 million tons of food waste per year, which mainly came from households (77%). The food waste index of household, food services and retail were 97, 29 and 16 kg/capita/year, respectively. In addition, discarded food waste from households was mainly edible parts (46%) which were disposed through the municipality waste service (84%), followed by using as animal feed (13%), and composting (2%). The main barrier for households in food waste was unplanned cooking, discarded food items, and lacking knowledge on food waste impacts. Raising public awareness along with supporting laws and provided facilities for waste separation were the key issues for policy recommendations. This study represented the first attempt to develop the national food waste baseline that could be useful for performance tracking towards sustainable food waste management.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Thai and Japanese Restaurants for Reduction Management Strategies

Rattanawan Mungkung, Piyatida Jaieim, Panit Chancharoonpong

Weather Climate and Society · 2024

Abstract Quantifying the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions along the whole value chain is essential for effective greenhouse gas management. Two types of the most popular restaurants in Thailand were included in this study: 1) a restaurant that specialized in northeastern Thai cuisine with an area of 94 m 2 and 41 000 clients per year and 2) a restaurant serving Japanese–Thai fusion meals with an area of 284 m 2 with 59 000 clients per year. Notably, the scope 3 GHG emissions were the highest (76%–81% of total emissions). The main contributors at both restaurants were raw material acquisition, followed by transportation of raw materials and waste management. It was suggested that the restaurants should not overlook the major sources of scope 3 GHG emissions, especially in food procurement, transportation from suppliers, and waste management. GHG management measures that could be applied include using local food ingredients, buying raw materials from nearby locations, simulating transport routes to minimize the distance of transport, and separating food wastes and sorting recyclable packaging wastes for further use. In addition, the restaurants could flag low-carbon footprint meals on their menus to engage their customers in contributing to GHG reductions.

Challenges and Opportunities of Bio-Circular-Green Economy for Agriculture

Ukrit Jaroenkietkajorn, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Rattanawan Mungkung, Napat Jakrawatana, Thapat Silalertruksa, Naruetep Lecksiwilai, Jittima Prasara-A, Pariyapat Nilsalab

Circular Economy and Sustainability · 2024

Measurement and Management of Value Chain Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Supermarket Retailing

Rattanawan Mungkung, Tananon Nudchanate

Weather Climate and Society · 2023

Abstract This study quantified greenhouse gas emissions from indirect activities along the whole value chain of supermarket retailing to derive mitigation measures. Both direct and indirect greenhouse gas emission sources of a supermarket retailing value chain were identified and calculated using the national guidelines for estimating the carbon footprint for organizations, based on a total area of 13 248 m 2 and operating 12 h per day. A scoring matrix was applied that considered the magnitude of emissions, the level of influence, and the risks or opportunities associated with business operations. The scoring results indicated a major contribution from value chain activities that should be included in any greenhouse gas analysis. The calculation revealed that the greenhouse gas emissions from the value chain activities were 33 784 t CO 2 emitted yr −1 or 94% of total emissions. The key contributors were linked to the production of purchased goods and the management of food waste. Thus, value chain activities should not be overlooked in developing efficient greenhouse gas management strategies. Furthermore, purchased products and services carrying a carbon-reduction label should be given priority, and the application of artificial intelligence and innovation could be considered to reduce the amount of food waste from expired goods.

Food for the future: sustainability assessment of cricket products for policy decisions to move toward sustainable agriculture in Thailand

Rattanawan Mungkung, T. Phetcharaburanin

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed · 2023

Insects will be an important alternative food for protein in the future. Crickets, with a high protein level (54-70%) and all the essential amino acids, have emerged as a high potential protein source. Thailand is taking a leading position in Southeast Asia when it comes to producing alternative proteins based on crickets, with an annual production capacity of 3,700 tonnes/year with 1,200 registered farmers. To provide supporting information for sustainable agriculture policy decisions toward food security, carbon footprinting was applied as the analytical tool to assess the environmental performance of house cricket farming and processing into frozen fresh crickets and cricket powder. The inventory data associated with the life cycle of cricket products were collected from 20 farms in the north and 16 farms in the northeast covering small-, medium-, and large-sized farms. In the processing stage, the inventory data were gathered from the internal recording systems of the production processing activities from a local cricket manufacturer. Based on the edible protein content as the functional unit, the carbon footprint values of frozen crickets and cricket powder were 4.6 and 11.3 kgCO 2 e/kg of edible protein, respectively. By calculating the revenue of cricket-based products per carbon footprint, we showed that the cricket powder had higher eco-efficiency values (almost 4 times) than fresh crickets. Furthermore, the net income from cricket farming and processing was 567-69,670 USD/year and the labour productivity was 16-223 USD/worker-day. This information should be very useful for government to support national policy decision-making on promoting and increasing the number of cricket farms, with the aim of enhancing market opportunities, especially in international markets. Cricket farming is expected to offer a livelihood strategy based of sustainable agriculture in Thailand, while making a strong potential contribution toward food security.

The nutrition-environment nexus assessment of Thai Riceberry product for supporting environmental product declaration

Rattanawan Mungkung, Sarocha Dangsiri, Prajongwate Satmalee, Vipa Surojanametakul, Katreeya Saejew, Shabbir H. Gheewala

Environment Development and Sustainability · 2023

Abstract Riceberry rice has a special characteristic of being specially bred with high nutrients. High-value added products from riceberry are being promoted targeting health-conscious consumers. To provide supporting information for sustainable food systems, environmental footprinting was applied for evaluating the environmental performance of a ready-to-eat product of riceberry rice mixed with kidney red bean called “Riceberry + KU”, developed by Kasetsart University in Thailand. Based on sold unit as the unit of analysis, the carbon footprint of Riceberry + KU was 5.24 gCO 2 e per 300 g. Interestingly, white rice had the highest carbon footprint and riceberry rice as well as the riceberry product had at least 30% lower values. However, using nutrient-based scores, although white rice still had the highest carbon footprint, Riceberry + KU had 80% lower and the riceberry rice had 65% lower values. This resulted from the highest nutritional levels found in Riceberry + KU along with the lower greenhouse gas emissions from riceberry field during the cultivation stage. Similar trends were found in the other impact categories assessed by using life cycle assessment as well. To provide appropriate information to consumers for making more sustainable food choices, the environmental performance based on nutrient quality resulting from different farming systems and processing methods should be used to derive recommendations for moving toward sustainable food systems. The nutrition-environment nexus assessment could be very useful for supporting consumers toward making more sustainable food choices.

Measuring sustainability performance of rice cultivation in Thailand using Sustainable Rice Platform indicators

Rattanawan Mungkung, Saruda Sitthikitpanya, Ratcha Chaichana, Krisada Bamrungwong, Yuwanan Santitaweeroek, Napat Jakrawatana, Thapat Silalertruksa, Shabbir H. Gheewala

International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability · 2022

The sustainability level of current rice farming practices in Thailand was assessed based on in-field data from interviewing 2000 farmers covering six rice varieties and their different production systems. Data were collected on farmers’ characteristics and farming activities according to the 41 requirements of the Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) standard. The SRP scores ranged from 53 to 81%, with the best performance by Khao Dawk Mali 105 cultivated in rainfed, organic production systems. The key success factors were linked to the formation of a farmer group resulting in very good performance on farm management, Integrated Pest Management, health and safety, and water use. The proposed 12 performance indicators (PIs) interconnected with the 41 requirements are considered appropriate to measure and monitor progress toward sustainable rice cultivation for policy makers. PIs for good governance, affordability of living costs, energy-use efficiency, and life satisfaction could potentially be added, considering the local context in relation to sustainable agriculture goals. The successful cases of SRP-certified rice farms and the benefits from SRP implementation should be conveyed to with other rice farmers to induce wider implementation. The SRP scores and PIs were useful to identify areas requiring priority interventions to make progress toward sustainability.

LCA and food and personal care products sustainability: Case studies of Thai riceberry rice products

Rattanawan Mungkung, Shabbir H. Gheewala

Elsevier eBooks · 2022

Analysis of green product procurement and ecolabels towards sustainable consumption and production in Thailand

Rattanawan Mungkung, Kannika Sorakon, Saruda Sitthikitpanya, Shabbir H. Gheewala

Sustainable Production and Consumption · 2021

Life Cycle Assessment and eco-efficiency of high value-added riceberry rice products to support Thailand 4.0 policy decisions

Panit Chancharoonpong, Rattanawan Mungkung, Shabbir H. Gheewala

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2021

Development of a low-carbon, healthy and innovative value-added riceberry rice product through life cycle design

Rattanawan Mungkung, Sarocha Dangsiri, Shabbir H. Gheewala

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · 2021

Life Cycle Assessment of Thai Hom Mali Rice to Support the Policy Decision on Organic Farming Area Expansion

Rattanawan Mungkung, Saruda Sitthikitpanya, Sarocha Dangsiri, Shabbir H. Gheewala

Sustainability · 2020

Thailand has a strategic national policy to increase organic rice farming. This study firstly applied Life Cycle Assessment for evaluating the quantitative environmental impacts at the regional and national levels to facilitate the national policy decision on the expansion of organic rice cultivation areas. The impact categories of interest included global warming, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and freshwater ecotoxicity, and the life cycle impact assessment method applied was ReCiPe. The results showed that the life cycle environmental impacts from organic rice cultivation in the nine provinces in the North were lower than those from the 12 provinces in the Northeast, due mainly to the higher yields and lower use of fertilizers in the former. The methane emissions in the North (11,147 kg CO2e/ha) were similar to those in the Northeast (11,378 kg CO2e/ha). However, nitrous oxide emissions in the Northeast were higher than in the North due to the higher amounts of fertilizer used. If Thailand expands the rice farming by 50% in the North and by 50% in the Northeast, the greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced from 11,400 to 11,100 kg CO2e/ha, but the impacts of terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and freshwater ecotoxicity could be increased by 0.0257 kg PO4e (95%), 0.508 kg 1,4-DBe (53%), and 33.1 kg 1,4-DBe (17%), respectively. To reduce the global warming as well as other environmental impacts, Thailand should expand rice farming areas to the North. This information could be useful for supporting the policy decisions on which areas the organic rice farming should be expanded in to minimize the potential life cycle environmental impacts.

Water footprint inventory database of Thai rice farming for water policy decisions and water scarcity footprint label

Rattanawan Mungkung, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Thapat Silalertruksa, Sarocha Dangsiri

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · 2019

Development of Ready-to-Eat Color Rice Product Enriched With Natural Amino Acids

Prajongwate Satmalee, Vipa Surojanametakul, Ngamjit Lowithun, Rattanawan Mungkung, Sarocha Dangsiri

Journal of Agricultural Science · 2019

A meat-free diet and the aging society cause some of the health problems. One of that was the deficiency of some essential amino acid in the diets. Riceberry has recently been developed in Thailand. This new variety of colored rice has a dark purple seed coat containing anthocyanin which acts as an antioxidant. Similar to normal rice, riceberry lacks lysine which plays an important role in maintaining body systems through hormone release and muscle mass maintenance. To enrich ready-to-eat rice products, red bean was added as a natural amino acid source. This formulated product had higher protein and ash content, while energy, fat and carbohydrate content were not different from the control. The essential amino acid profile of the product was complete and product shelf life was 6 months with an unchanged texture. Anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity of the product decreased with storage time. This product suited a wide range of consumers and was convenient for modern lifestyles that demand healthy, ready-to-eat foodstuffs.

Life Cycle Assessment of Thai organic Hom Mali rice to evaluate the climate change, water use and biodiversity impacts

Rattanawan Mungkung, P. Pengthamkeerati, Ratcha Chaichana, Saranya Watcharothai, Kittiwan Kitpakornsanti, Supachok Tapananont

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2018

Life Cycle Assessment of Hempstone for Green Buildings

Rattanawan Mungkung, Singh Intrachooto, Nathapon Srisuwanpip, Anyarat Lamai, Kannika Sorakon, Kittwan Kittipakornkarn

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · 2018

Hemp is a non-psychoactive (less than 1 % tetrahydrocannabinol) variety of Cannabis sativa L. It is cultivated on hills and used mainly for textiles. Hemp requires less water and pesticides. It grows fast (3 - 4 m in 3 months) and has a high carbon sequestration rate of 1.67 kg CO2-eq per kg of hemp fibre. The local hemp in Thailand is the Rpf3 species developed by the Highland Research and Development Institute. This study aims at exploring the potential use of hemp for eco-building materials to meet the increasing demands for green buildings by applying the upcycling design concept. Hemp stalks left after fibre harvesting were sun dried before ground into small pieces of varying sizes. Artificial stones (polyester-resin solid surface material) left over from production processes were also collected. Hemp materials and artificial stone scraps were used at different proportions to develop a new composite called Hempstone. The study found that Hempstone did not require the drying process; hemp fibers helped absorb the moisture. Hemp fibres also offered unique natural aesthetic. Quality tests were conducted to ensure that Hempstone was fit for use in construction. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to identify the potential reduction of environmental impacts of typical artificial stone and Hempstone. The results indicated that the Hempstone sheet (0.82 x 3.04 x 0.012 m) with 10 % of hemp-stalks (6 - 10 mm size) and 7.5 % or 10 % by weight of artificial stone scraps performed best with the potential reduction of environmental impacts by 40 % on climate change, 42 % on freshwater eutrophication, 55 % on terrestrial eco-toxicity and 60 % on terrestrial eco-toxicity. With the growing pursuit of green buildings, these reductions show that the potential use of hemp in local eco-building materials to help reducing impact on the environment.

Implications of Water Use and Water Scarcity Footprint for Sustainable Rice Cultivation

Thapat Silalertruksa, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Rattanawan Mungkung, Pariyapat Nilsalab, Naruetep Lecksiwilai, Wanchat Sawaengsak

Sustainability · 2017

Rice cultivation is a vital economic sector of many countries in Asia, including Thailand, with the well-being of people relying significantly on selling rice commodities. Water-intensive rice cultivation is facing the challenge of water scarcity. The study assessed the volumetric freshwater use and water scarcity footprint of the major and second rice cultivation systems in the Chao Phraya, Tha Chin, Mun, and Chi watersheds of Thailand. The results revealed that a wide range of freshwater use, i.e., 0.9–3.0 m3/kg of major rice and 0.9–2.3 m3/kg of second rice, and a high water use of rice was found among the watersheds in the northeastern region, like the Mun and Chi watersheds. However, the water scarcity footprint results showed that the second rice cultivation in watersheds, like in Chao Phraya and Tha Chin in the central region, need to be focused for improving the irrigation water use efficiency. The alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method was found to be a promising approach for substituting the pre-germinated seed broadcasting system to enhance the water use efficiency of second rice cultivation in the central region. Recommendations vis-à-vis the use of the water stress index as a tool for agricultural zoning policy were also discussed.

Water stress index and its implication for agricultural land-use policy in Thailand

Shabbir H. Gheewala, Thapat Silalertruksa, Pariyapat Nilsalab, Naruetep Lecksiwilai, Wanchat Sawaengsak, Rattanawan Mungkung, J. Ganasut

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · 2017

Eco-design and Life Cycle Assessment of Japanese Tableware from Palm-Melamine Bio-composites

Singh Intrachooto, Rattanawan Mungkung, Kittiwan Kitpakornsanti

Ecoproduction · 2016

Global Initiative on UPCYCLE Carbon Footprint Certification and Label Systems for Creative Waste Management and Greenhouse Gas Reduction

Rattanawan Mungkung, Singh Intrachooto, Tananon Nudchanate, Kannika Sorakon

Ecoproduction · 2016

Life cycle assessment of Hempstone for green buildings

Rattanawan Mungkung, Singh Intrachooto, Nathapon Srisuwanpip, Anyarat Lamai, Kannika Sorakon, Kittwan Kittipakornkarn

WIT transactions on the built environment · 2016

Hemp is a non-psychoactive (less than 1% tetrahydrocannabinol) variety of Cannabis sativa L. It is cultivated on hills and used mainly for textiles. Hemp requires less water and pesticides. It grows fast (4-5 meters in 3-4 months) and has a high carbon sequestration rate of 1.36 kgCO 2 e per kg of hemp fiber. This study aims at exploring the potential use of hemp for construction materials. By applying the upcycling design concept, hemp stalks left after fibre harvesting were sun dried before grinding into small pieces of varying sizes. In addition, artificial stones (polyester-resin solid surface material) left over from production processes was also collected. Hemp materials and artificial stone scraps were used at different proportions to develop a new composite called Hempstone. The study found that Hempstone did not require the drying process; hemp fibers helped absorb the moisture. Hemp fibers also offered unique natural aesthetic. Quality tests were conducted to ensure that Hempstone was fit for use in construction. LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) was performed to identify the potential reduction of environmental impacts of typical artificial stone and Hempstone. The results indicated that the Hempstone sheet (0.823.040.012m) with 10% of hemp-stalks (5 mm size) and 7.5% or 10% by weight of artificial stone scraps performed best with the potential reduction of environmental impacts by 40% on climate change, 42% on freshwater eutrophication, 55% on terrestrial ecotoxicity and 60% on terrestrial ecotoxicity. Hence, the Hempstone sheet with 10% of hemp-stalk material and 10% of artificial stone scraps complies with the UPCYCLE Carbon Footprint certification and labelling requirement of minimum scrap content of 20% by weight. With the growing pursuit of green buildings, these reductions

Developing Green GDP Accounting for Thai Agricultural Sector Using the Economic Input Output - Life Cycle Assessment to Assess Green Growth

Witsanu Attavanich, Rattanawan Mungkung, Itthipong Mahathanaseth, Santi Sanglestsawai, Athiwatr Jirajari

Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · 2016

There is no indicator measuring Thailand’s green growth by valuing the resource degradation and environmental damage costs. This article aims to estimate Thailand’s green gross domestic (GDP) that takes into account environmental damage costs with the detailed analysis on the agricultural sector using the Economic Input Output - Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) approach. The representative product in each sector was selected based on the available life cycle inventory data, economic values and their magnitude of impacts. Here we find that oil palm cultivation (Sector 011 in the economic input-output table), fibre crops (Sector 013), rice cultivation using chemicals (Sector 001), coffee-tea-cocao (Sector 015), and coconut growing (Sector 010), respectively, generated the highest environmental damage value. This study revealed that the total environmental damage costs of agricultural products was $22.05 million per year accounting for only 0.1003 percent of total GDP in agricultural sector while the total environmental damage cost from all sectors is equal to $36,950.79 million accounting for 14.58 of total GDP.

Shifting Diets for A Sustainable Future

Janet Ranganathan, Daniel Vennard, Richard Waite, Brian Lipinski, Tim Searchinger, Patrice Dumas, Agneta Forslund, Hervé Guyomard, Stéphane Manceron, Elodie Marajo-Petitzon, Chantal Le Mouël, Peter Havlík, Mario Herrero, X. Zhang, Stefan Wirsenius, Fabien Ramos, Xiaoyuan Yan, Michael J. Phillips, Rattanawan Mungkung

2016

Shifting Diets for a Sustainable Food Future: Installment 11 of “Creating a Sustainable Food Future”

Janet Ranganathan, Daniel Vennard, Richard Waite, Brian Lipinski, Tim Searchinger, Patrice Dumas, Agneta Forslund, Hervé Guyomard, Stéphane Manceron, Elodie Marajo-Petitzon, Chantal Le Mouël, Peter Havlík, Mario Herrero, Xin Zhang, Stefan Wirsenius, Fabien Ramos, X.L. Yan, Michael J. Phillips, Rattanawan Mungkung

Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology) · 2016

How can shifting diets-the type, combination, and quantity of foods people consume-contribute to a sustainable food future?Building on the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) food demand projections, we estimate that the world needs to close a 70 percent "food gap" between the crop calories available in 2006 and expected calorie demand in 2050.

Water demand and stress from oil palm-based biodiesel production in Thailand

Pariyapat Nilsalab, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Rattanawan Mungkung, Sylvain Perret, Thapat Silalertruksa, Sébastien Bonnet

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · 2016

Environmental sustainability of oil palm cultivation in different regions of Thailand: Greenhouse gases and water use impact

Thapat Silalertruksa, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Patcharaporn Pongpat, Piyanon Kaenchan, Napapat Permpool, Naruetep Lecksiwilai, Rattanawan Mungkung

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2016

Improving productivity and environmental performance of aquaculture: Creating a sustainable food future, installment five

Richard Waite, Beveridge, Malcolm, Brummett, R.E., Castine, S., Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn, Sadasivam Kaushik, Rattanawan Mungkung, Supawat Nawapakpilai, Michael J. Phillips

CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) · 2015

Characterization and comparison of cellulose fiber extraction from rice straw by chemical treatment and thermal steam explosion

Makarawat Boonterm, Surakan Sunyadeth, Suchada Dedpakdee, Panaake Athichalinthorn, Somjate Patcharaphun, Rattanawan Mungkung, Ratchatee Techapiesancharoenkij

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2015

Installment 5 of "Creating a Sustainable Food Future" IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF AQUACULTURE

Richard Waite, M.C.M. Beveridge, R.E. Brummett, Sarah Castine, Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn, Sadasivam Kaushik, Rattanawan Mungkung, Supawat Nawapakpilai, Michael J. Phillips

2014

SUMMARY Fish—including finfish and shellfish—are an important item in the human food basket, contributing 17 percent of the global animal-based protein supply in 2010. They are an especially valuable food source in developing countries, where more than 75 percent of the world’s fish consumption occurs. In addition to protein, fish contain micronutrients and longchain omega-3 fatty acids that are essential for maternal and child health, but often deficient in the diets of the poor.

Improving productivity and environmental performance of aquaculture. Installment 5 of "Creating a sustainable food future"

Richard Waite, M.C.M. Beveridge, R.E. Brummett, Sarah Castine, Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn, Sadasivam Kaushik, Rattanawan Mungkung, Supawa Nawapakpilai, Michael Philips

Prodinra (INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine) · 2014

Fish—including finfish and shellfish—are an important item in the human food basket, contributing 17 percent of the global animal-based protein supply in 2010. They are an especially valuable food source in developing countries, where more than 75 percent of the world’s fish consumption occurs. In addition to protein, fish contain micronutrients and long- chain omega-3 fatty acids that are essential for maternal and child health, but often deficient in the diets of the poor.\nHowever, the global supply of wild-caught fish has long peaked and is unlikely to rise again unless overexploited stocks are rehabilitated. As world fish consumption continues to grow, aquaculture (fish farming) has emerged\nto meet demand. Already, just under half of all fish that people consume come from aquaculture, which is one of\nthe world’s fastest-growing animal food producing sectors. With the supply of wild-caught fish stagnant, any future increase in world fish consumption will need to be supplied by aquaculture.\nIn a resource-constrained world, aquaculture could be an attractive option for expanding animal protein supply.\nFarmed finfish are similar in feed conversion efficiency to poultry, and much more efficient than beef. Filter-feeding\ncarp and mollusks are even more efficient producers of animal protein, as they require no human-managed feeds\nand can improve water quality. Because the aquaculture sector is relatively young compared with terrestrial live-\nstock sectors, it offers great scope for technical innovation to further increase resource efficiency

Water Footprint and Impact of Water Consumption for Food, Feed, Fuel Crops Production in Thailand

Shabbir H. Gheewala, Thapat Silalertruksa, Pariyapat Nilsalab, Rattanawan Mungkung, Sylvain Perret, Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn

Water · 2014

The proliferation of food, feed and biofuels demands promises to increase pressure on water competition and stress, particularly for Thailand, which has a large agricultural base. This study assesses the water footprint of ten staple crops grown in different regions across the country and evaluates the impact of crop water use in different regions/watersheds by the water stress index and the indication of water deprivation potential. The ten crops include major rice, second rice, maize, soybean, mungbean, peanut, cassava, sugarcane, pineapple and oil palm. The water stress index of the 25 major watersheds in Thailand has been evaluated. The results show that there are high variations of crop water requirements grown in different regions due to many factors. However, based on the current cropping systems, the Northeastern region has the highest water requirement for both green water (or rain water) and blue water (or irrigation water). Rice (paddy) farming requires the highest amount of irrigation water, i.e., around 10,489 million m3/year followed by the maize, sugarcane, oil palm and cassava. Major rice cultivation induces the highest water deprivation, i.e., 1862 million m3H2Oeq/year; followed by sugarcane, second rice and cassava. The watersheds that have high risk on water competition due to increase in production of the ten crops considered are the Mun, Chi and Chao Phraya watersheds. The main contribution is from the second rice cultivation. Recommendations have been proposed for sustainable crops production in the future.

Environmental performance of brackish water polyculture system from a life cycle perspective: A Filipino case study

Joël Aubin, Aurèle Baruthio, Rattanawan Mungkung, Jérôme Lazard

Aquaculture · 2014

Improving Productivity and Environmental Performance of Aquaculture

Richard Waite, M.C.M. Beveridge, R.E. Brummett, S.A. Castine, Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn, Sadasivam Kaushik, Rattanawan Mungkung, Supawat Nawapakpilai, Michael J. Phillips

2014

Exploratory analysis of resource demand and the environmental footprint of future aquaculture development using Life Cycle Assessment

Rattanawan Mungkung, Michael Phillips, Sarah Castine, M.C.M. Beveridge, Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn, Supawat Nawapakpilai, Richard Waite

AquaDocs (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) · 2014

Increases in fish demand in the coming decades are projected to be largely met by growth of aquaculture. However, increased aquaculture production is linked to higher demand for natural resources and energy as well as emissions to the environment. This paper explores the use of Life Cycle Assessment to improve knowledge of potential environmental impacts of future aquaculture growth. Different scenarios of future aquaculture development are taken into account in calculating the life cycle environmental impacts. The environmental impact assessments were built on Food and Agriculture Organization statistics in terms of production volume of different species, whereas the inputs and outputs associated with aquaculture production systems were sourced from the literature. The matrix of input-output databases was established through the Blue Frontiers study.

The environmental impacts of lowland paddy rice: A case study comparison between rainfed and irrigated rice in Thailand

Sylvain-Roger Perret, Kwansirinapa Thanawong, Claudine Basset-Mens, Rattanawan Mungkung

Cahiers Agricultures · 2013

North-eastern Thailand is an essential production area for high-quality fragrant rice for domestic use and export. While rainfed conditions largely prevail, plans to extend irrigation are drafted. This article compares paddy rice production under irrigation and rainfed conditions. Techno-economic performances were analysed jointly with environmental impacts, based upon life cycle analysis, and energy and water use analyses. Data were collected in 2010 from 45 diverse rice cropping systems in the Lam Sieo Yai Basin, according to three systems, namely wet-season rain-fed (Rw), wet-season irrigation (Iw), and dry-season irrigation (Id) systems. Wide-ranging performances and impacts were observed, while cropping practices were relatively homogeneous. Differentiation of systems originated mostly from differences in yield, which were largely impacted by water supply. The results highlight the low performances and high impacts of Id systems. They require mostly blue water, while the two other systems rely primarily on green water. Id systems also require more energy and labour, due to increased water management needs. The productivity of most production factors was higher in Rw and Iw systems. Emissions proved relatively similar across systems, with the exception of CH4, which was markedly lower in Rw systems due to specific water and organic residue management. Id systems systematically emitted more nitrates, phosphates, and pesticides. Rw systems showed the lowest environmental impacts per ha and per kg of paddy rice produced. The average Global Warming Potential was 2.97 kg CO2-eq per kg rice in Rw systems, 4.87 in Iw systems, and 5.55 in Id systems. This article further discusses the results in view of contrasting perspectives, including societal objectives, farmer income and environmental integrity, and possible irrigation development in north-eastern Thailand.

Product carbon footprinting and labeling in Thailand: experiences from an exporting nation

Shabbir H. Gheewala, Rattanawan Mungkung

Carbon Management · 2013

Product carbon footprinting has gained much attention in recent years as many national and international standards have been formulated as well as several carbon labeling schemes. Thailand has also made efforts in this direction over the past several years and is in fact the first country in the southeast Asian region to have developed national guidelines for carbon footprint calculation and labeling. During the process of conducting product carbon footprinting for pilot studies, many issues of concern were raised, some of which may be common to all countries, while others were more specific for tropical countries exporting agricultural products. Experiences are drawn from the study of several national (Publicly Available Specification 2050, Japanese and Thai national guidelines) and international (ISO14067) standards, including the application of some of these to several product carbon footprinting studies. Issues of data collection, grouping of products, co-product allocation, land-use change, product category rules, type of carbon label and consumer understanding have been discussed, with some possible solutions given to address these issues. The cost of carbon footprinting and labeling are also discussed, along with their implications on companies implementing carbon footprinting. Finally, suggestions are made for issues to be discussed at the international level with a view to harmonizing the carbon footprinting methodology, as well as to address the specific concerns of developing countries that have a large volume of agriculture-based exports.

Life Cycle Assessment for environmentally sustainable aquaculture management: a case study of combined aquaculture systems for carp and tilapia

Rattanawan Mungkung, Joël Aubin, Tri Heru Prihadi, Jacques Slembrouck, Hayo van Der Werf, Marc Legendre

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2013

Implications of the biofuels policy mandate in Thailand on water: The case of bioethanol

Shabbir H. Gheewala, Thapat Silalertruksa, Pariyapat Nilsalab, Rattanawan Mungkung, Sylvain Perret, Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn

Bioresource Technology · 2013

Product carbon footprinting in Thailand: A step towards sustainable consumption and production?

Rattanawan Mungkung, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Claver Kanyarushoki, Almudena Hospido, Hayo van Der Werf, Ngamtip Poovarodom, Sébastien Bonnet, Joël Aubin, Marı́a Teresa Moreira, Gumersindo Feijóo

Environmental Development · 2012

Water Assessment of Agrofuels Feedstock Cultivation: Methodology Approaches

Pariyapat Nilsalab, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Rattanawan Mungkung

Environment and Natural Resources Journal · 2012

The promotion of agrofuels for transportation may exacerbate the water demand especially due to increased agriculture. Water Footprint (WF) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are the two well-developed approaches for evaluating quantities and potential impacts of water used for the entire product system and its supply chain. WF defines water based on source and pollution as green, blue and gray water while LCA accounts for water based on types of water use. Considering a result interpretation for water inventory, WF gives a more meaningful result than LCA in terms of water resource management. Likewise, LCA is more appropriate than WF for assessing impact via cause and effect relationship. As more water is usually required for growing the feedstock during cultivation rather than for processing agrofuels, WF and LCA can be applied together for water assessment of agrofuels feedstock cultivation. WF is applied at the inventory level to reflect the competition for water due to agriculture for food, feed, fibre and fuel. Then LCA is conducted using impact assessment for quantitative evaluation of water use with respect to water scarcity. Spatial data, meteorological data, agricultural practices and land use are required. The alternative results for expansion of the feedstock cultivation areas can be obtained through a scenario analysis. In conclusion, it is seen that both these methods are useful for assessing water and may likely be developed further for sustainability assessment of agrofuels.

Introduction to LCA, interests and opportunities for the rubber supply chain

Cécile Bessou, Thierry Tran, Régis Lacote, Rattanawan Mungkung

Agritrop (Cirad) · 2012

International audience

An Analysis of Thai Shrimp Farms' Compliance to the GLOBALG.A.P. Standard

Thitiwat Leepaisomboon, Rattanawan Mungkung, Niti Chuchird, C. Limsuwan

Kasetsart University Fishery Research Bulletin · 2011

This study evaluated the current compliance of Thai shrimp farms to the GLOBALG.A.P. standard (The Global Partnership for Good Agriculture Practices) to identify practical corrective actions and their technical implications. Eighteen shrimp farms in Thailand, representing small/medium, single/group, and inland/coastal farms, were audited against the GLOBALG.A.P. criteria. The results indicated that the farms complied with only half of the criteria, with no significant differences associated with farm size. The level of compliance in the aquaculture base (AB) module (43-63%) was highest, followed by the shrimp species (SP) module (44-56%), the social (SC) module (40-65%), and the all farm (AF) module (17-44%). The major noncompliance areas were in the AF and AB modules. Noncompliance areas in the AF module were related to identifying environmental, risk, safety, health, and hygiene factors with regard to developing plans and procedures (including the emergency/accident plan and procedure) and implementing internal self-assessment and corrective actions. The most critical areas in the AB module were customer complaints and the recall procedure. The key adaptation strategies were developing farm management systems and document control for good practices and implementing activities to educate farmers and associated stakeholders about principles and practices of the GLOBALG.A.P. standard. The introduction of GLOBALG.A.P. standard will help improve product reputation. However, other issues need to be taken into accoun i.e. market demand and price premium to farmers, introduction of contract farming, and the availability of local auditors and certification procedure.

Innovation cycles, niches and sustainability in the shrimp aquaculture industry in Thailand

Louis Lebel, Rattanawan Mungkung, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Phimphakan Lebel

Environmental Science & Policy · 2010

Environmental assessment of Filipino fish/prawn polyculture using Life Cycle Assessment

Aurèle Baruthio, Joël Aubin, Rattanawan Mungkung, Jérôme Lazard, Hayo van Der Werf

2009

Sustaining ethical trade in farmed aquatic products between Asia and the EU

David C. Little, Francis J. Murray, Trevor C. Telfer, James A. Young, Liñdsay G. Ross, Barry Hill, A. Dalsgard, Paula van den Brink, Jeroen B. Guinée, René Kleijn, Rattanawan Mungkung, Yi Yang, J. Min, L. Liping, L. Huanan, L. Yuan, Y. Derun, Nguyễn Thành Phương, Trần Ngọc Hải, Pham Than Liem, Vũ Ngọc Út, Vu Thanh Tùng, Ta Van Viet, K. Satapornvanit, Tipparat Pongthanapanich, Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab, A.K.M. Nowsad Alam, Mohammad Mahfujul Haque, Mohammad Abdus Salam, Flavio Corsin

2009

Trade in aquatic products is the largest global food sector, by value, with Asia representing the main external source of aquatic products into the EU. Current EU policy supporting international trade between Asia and Europe concentrates on issues of food safety as measures of quality, whilst marketforces drive development of standards and labels that identify social and environmental parameters. The SEAT (Sustaining Ethical Aquatic Trade) project proposes to establish an evidence-based framework to support current and future stakeholder dialogues organised by third party certifiers. This will contribute to harmonising standards, helping consumers to make fully informed choices with regards to the sustainability and safety of their seafood. The ‘Ethical Aquatic Food Index’ (EAFI), a qualitative holistic measure of overall sustainability intended to support consumers’ purchasing decisions, will be based on detailed research centred on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of current processes. Systems thinking will be applied to analyse livelihood impacts along the global value chains of four farmed aquatic products, tilapia, shrimp, freshwater prawns and Pangasius catfish in four major producing countries China, Thailand, Vietnam and Bangladesh. Initial assessments of environmental impacts by and on aquatic production and processing systems, and impacts on product safety and social equity will lead towards prioritisation of critical issues and supportive action research. Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) based in the EU and Asia will participate in this process, enhancing their relative competitiveness. By strengthening the knowledge base surrounding EU-Asia seafood trade the project will provide the evidence required to support further expansion whilst ensuring a fair deal for producers who are meeting appropriate social and environmental goals and offering a safe and sustainable product for consumers.

Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring in aquaculture in Asia-Pacific

M.J. Phillips, Fan En-yuan, Fiona Gavine, Tan Kim Hooi, M N Kutty, Nelson A. Lopez, Rattanawan Mungkung, T.T. Nagan, Patrick White, Kei Yamamoto, Hisashi Yokoyama

2009

Potentials and Limitations of Life Cycle Assessment in Setting Ecolabelling Criteria: A Case Study of Thai Shrimp Aquaculture Product (5 pp)

Rattanawan Mungkung, Helias Udo de Haes, Roland Clift

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · 2006

Shrimp aquaculture in Thailand: application of life cycle assesment to support sustainable development

Rattanawan Mungkung

Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) · 2005

An in-depth analysis of shrimp aquaculture has been conducted using a life cycle approach to gain a better understanding of the sustainability issues facing the industry. The environmental footprint of the complete supply chain of block-frozen shrimp has been evaluated within this study using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The analysis is based on shrimp production in Thailand as a case study, in which frozen shrimp represents the principal shrimp aquaculture product. The results from the LCA study show farming is the key life cycle stage generating the most significant environmental impacts, particularly marine toxicity, abiotic depletion and global warming, which arise mainly from the use of energy, shrimp feed and burnt lime. Eutrophication caused by wastewater discharged from the shrimp ponds has also
\nbeen identified as a significant problem. In addition to the key life cycle stages, this study has identified the key environmental issues and improvements needed in aquaculture management practices. The identified environmental impacts can be reduced by using inputs from sustainable sources, such as domesticated broodstock and local sources of post-larvae, and by replacing burnt lime by limestone. Further improvements could be achieved by using jet aeration equipment rather than paddle-wheel aerators because of their better energy efficiency. Better onfarm management practices should be implemented to improve the quality of ponds, including optimisation of stocking density, feeding rate, water exchange and operation of the aerators. It is also necessary for farms to treat wastewater before its release into natural receiving water to minimise the eutrophication problem.
\nIn order to identify more sustainable farming systems, the study has also compared the environmental performance of five different farming types: (i) a Conventional & CoC
\nfarm, applying an intensive farming system coupled with an environmental management system (the ‘Code of Conduct for Responsible Marine Aquaculture’, known as ‘CoC’);
\n11 (ii) a Biological & CoC farm, practising an intensive farming system with implementation of CoC and minimising the use of chemicals; (iii) a Probiotic farm, using
\nprobiotic substances to digest waste in shrimp ponds; (iv) an Ecological farm, aiming to raise shrimps naturally by optimising the ecological intensity of inputs; and (v) a ‘Goingto-be-Organic’ farm, undergoing conversion from conventional to organic farming primarily by operating at a lower stock density and completely eliminating chemical inputs. The LCA results show that potential impacts of the various farming types are closely related to the choice of farming site, culture technique and management strategy. The Conventional & CoC farm has the highest impacts because of the higher inputs of energy, feed and burnt lime. The use of probiotics (in Probiotic farm) and biological extracts (in Biological & CoC and Going-to-be Organic farms) in place of chemicals significantly reduces the ecotoxicity impact. The Ecological farm proves to be the least problematic in
\nterms of eutrophication, primarily as a result of reduced feeding rate and improved feed management. If equal importance is attributed to all the impact categories considered in the CML Baseline method, the environmental performance of the different farming systems can be ranked from best to worst as: Going-to-be-Organic, Probiotic, Ecological, Biological & CoC and Conventional & CoC farms. Similar ranking is obtained for the other two life cycle impact assessment methods used here, i.e. EPS 2000 and Ecoindicator 99. This study has also highlighted that economic priorities and social benefits coupled with environmental consideration must be analysed from the life cycle perspective. The results from LC A can be used to formulate a more sustainable policy and management framework for the shrimp aquaculture industry. Participation of the stakeholders along the supply chain is also important for policy formulation and implementation of sustainable management frameworks. Roles and responsibilities of various governmental
\norganisations must be clearly defined, together with the establishment of laws and regulations to support the implementation of policy aligned with environmental objectives. Environmental management should also include sustainable management of aquaculture resources and farming practices with strong support from associated
\nindustries to improve the overall environmental performance of shrimp production as a whole. The environmental performance of shrimp production is increasingly becoming a commercial concern due mainly to the consumer demand for environmentally-friendly products. The environmental issues identified in this LCA study are therefore used to analyse various certification schemes that have been introduced or proposed for production of farmed shnmp, and to propose an colabelling initiative for sh