ผลงานตีพิมพ์ทั้งหมด

The Role of Higher Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Experiences from Mahidol University, Thailand

Banchong Mahaisavariya, Kitikorn Charmondusit

Journal of Sustainability Perspectives · 2023

Higher education is one of the significant stakeholder to play an important role in fostering sustainable development goals. Mahidol University is a comprehensive university in Thailand, which strives to be a leader on sustainability in responding to the United Nation 2030 agenda for sustainable development goals. Therefore, Mahidol University sustainability strategy, which consists of 4 key areas as a framework including 1) research and innovation for sustainability 2) education for sustainability 3) community and social engagement for sustainability 4) operations for sustainability was established. The implementation of Mahidol University sustainability strategy demonstrates many successful activity programs, which can be a robust model to other university.

The Circular Economy Concept of Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Thailand

Kitikorn Charmondusit, Banchong Mahisavariya

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · 2023

Abstract Mahidol University is the leader of sustainable higher education institute of Thailand, which has been transformed to be “A promise place to live and learn together with nature”. In order to reach the sustainable development goals, the sustainability strategy was implemented through research, innovation, education, operation, and community engagement. The circular economy concept by closing loop of waste generation from the campus activity was presented. The organic waste management by segregations of food waste and yard waste through the fermentation process was implemented. The recycle waste bank program has been initiated with in campus and primary school outside. The cooperation platform with private sector in order to build a network on waste management was developed as incentives to reduce household waste.

Factors influencing science and environmental education learning of blind students: A case of primary school for the blind in Thailand

P. Prasertpong, Kitikorn Charmondusit, Viriya Taecharungroj, Wee Rawang, Sumit Suwan, Seree Woraphong

International Journal of Education and Practice · 2023

The main objective of this research was to study the factors influencing the science and environment of education program for blind students at the elementary level. This research used mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative approaches), specifically a questionnaire survey was conducted to better understand the current situation on Science and Environmental Education Learning among 192 blind students in 14 primary schools for the blind in Thailand and in-depth interviews with the directors, science and Environmental teachers, and students’ parents, 30 interviewees in total. The data were collected and analyzed into frequency and percentage (and K-means clustering) using SPSS software. The research findings from data collection from 192 blind students illustrated that the importance of facilitator that involve teaching materials (43%) was support appropriate to Science and Environmental Education teaching materials for blind students, 34% students had a good relationship with their classmates and teachers. A total of (32%) were provided more Braille textbooks for Science and Environmental Education teaching. K-means cluster analysis showed four clusters of science and environmental education learning blind students. The study concluded that the factors influencing effectiveness of science and environmental education learning of blind students consisted of facilitators, the creation of scientific learning processes, media and technology as the medium for communicating scientific knowledge, appropriate curriculum for blind students, and cognitive abilities of blind students in physical, mental, intelligence, and emotion terms.

Implementation of Sustainable Transportation at Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Thailand

Kitikorn Charmondusit, Waratip Wattanawinitchai, Banchong Mahisavariya

Journal of Sustainability Perspectives · 2022

Mahidol University is one of the leading sustainable universities in Thailand, which recognizes the importance of combining actions to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations (17 Sustainable Development Goals: 17 SDGs) and the concept of Sufficiency Economy Philosophy. The eco-university and sustainability policy was launched and implemented in 2021 in order to reach the 17 SDGs. Transportation is one of the important issues of campus development. In order to reduce the greenhouse gas emission from private fossil based fuel transportation, the public transportation both inside and outside the campus area is provided including electric tram, shuttle bus and public bicycle. An Electric cart with solar energy was initiated and used on campus. Walking and cycling as primary means for commuting on campus have been promoted by reduction of vehicle traffic. Cycling lanes are improved and bicycle racks are provided around the campus. Around more than 10,000 bicycles including more than 500 public bicycles were used on campus. The parking areas were constructed and adjusted into green open spaces. Many outdoor spaces are created to support various kinds of activities and gatherings enhancing liveliness and variety to campus lifeKeyword: Mahidol University, Mobility, Transportation, Green area, Sustainability campus

A Best Practice of Water Management at Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Thailand

Kitikorn Charmondusit, Sasivimon Pungpermtrakul, Banchong Mahisavariya

Journal of Sustainability Perspectives · 2021

Mahidol University is one of the most environmentally friendly university in Thailand. The eco-university policy for sustainable development on campus and in the surrounding community has been implemented in order to balance of economic, social and environmental dimensions which will lead to efficient use of resources, social equality and improved quality of life of staff, students and the surrounding community. Water management of MU, Salaya campus is one of the successful case studies. Approximately 60% of the 1,867,792 square meters of campus was allocated for the green and water reservation areas including horizontal garden, vertical garden, botanic garden, original wetland, ditch and pond. The RINGLOOP project was installed in order to improve the performance of water distribution. The central wastewater treatment plant with activated sludge system has been constructed. The water conservation program with 100% of treated wastewater recyclable is implemented

Investigating the Critical Issues for Enhancing Sustainability in Higher Education Institutes in Thailand

Allan Sriratana Tabucanon, Alisa Sahavacharin, San Rathviboon, Husna Lhaetee, Dhitiya Pakdeesom, Wenchao Xue, Kitikorn Charmondusit

International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning · 2021

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), by and large, have increasingly committed to integrate sustainable development (SD) into their policies, practices, and programs. Recently, there have been several sustainability assessment tools specifically developed for HEIs. Many HEIs, especially small-to-middle sized HEIs in Thailand, are planning to enhance SD but are reluctant due to resource requirements. This study was conducted to investigate important sustainability implementation issues, including the effect of HEI sizes and UI GreenMetric participation. A weighting approach on sustainability dimensions and issues was utilized, and HEI’s sustainability reports and official websites were reviewed to evaluate their sustainability performance of large-, middle-, and small-sized HEIs as well as UI GreenMetric participants and non-participants in Thailand. The findings reveal that the issues of the sustainability-integrated vision and strategy, safety and well-being, waste, and the SD-enhancing educational system were fundamentally critical for HEI sustainability. Moreover, most of the large-sized HEIs in Thailand that participated in UI GreenMetric were evaluated to have higher sustainability performance than others, apparently in administration, environment, and education/research dimensions. This study supports the necessity for a sustainability assessment tool for HEIs.

Enhancing eco-efficiency of the kitchen furniture by using eco-design

Kitikorn Charmondusit

Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology · 2017

This research illustrates an enhancing eco-efficiency of kitchen furniture product by using the Ten Golden Rules for Eco-Design. The primary data of energy consumption and materials used entire the product life cycle were gathered. The greenhouse gas emissions entire the product life cycle were then evaluated in the unit of kilogram carbon dioxide equivalent (kg CO2 eq.). The evaluated data were analyzed and combined with the Ten Golden Rules for Eco-Design concept in order to develop the new model of Green kitchen furniture. The eco-efficiency of Green kitchen furniture design was assessed and compared with the old kitchen furniture design. It can be seen that the Green kitchen furniture can reduce the greenhouse gas emission in the raw material stage 33.73 kg CO2 eq., manufacturing stage 29.22 kg CO2 eq., end of life stage 0.42 kg CO2 eq. Moreover, 31.9% of recyclable materials were replaced. These leads to the 6,657 baht of cost reduction and 1.46 times of eco-efficiency increase. The results from this study demonstrated the balancing between economic and environmental dimensions, which was carried out by the implementation of product eco-design concept. It was very useful for the further environmentally product development, market competitiveness, and sustainability consumption.

Implementation of Eco-Efficiency Measurement for the Agro-Tourism in Thailand

Kitikorn Charmondusit, Poonperm Vardhanabindu

Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism · 2017

Agro-tourism is an alternative type of tourism utilizing agricultural sites and activities. The amount of agro-tourism investment in Thailand has been increasing each year in line with the concerns of tourists regarding agriculture and the environment. In order to enhance the ability of agro-tourism to be both profitable and environmental-friendly, an eco-efficiency measurement was conducted. Farm Chokchai, considered as an agro-tourism site, was selected as the focus of this case study of the eco-efficiency measurement. Indicators for the measurement included environmental influences which were energy, material, water, solid waste, and greenhouse gas emission. Economic values, including net sales and numbers of tourists, were set for the calculations. Activities were specifically allocated for the effectiveness of the measurement.
 The outcome of the study could be useful for the practice of agro-tourism by service providers and other types of tourism service providers who wish to operate in a correct manner with regards to eco-tourism, and may enhance the capability of reaching the goal of sustainable tourism.

Green and sustainable innovation for cleaner production in the Asia-Pacific region

Kitikorn Charmondusit, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Thumrongrut Mungcharoen

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2016

The quantitative eco-efficiency measurement for small and medium enterprise: a case study of wooden toy industry

Kitikorn Charmondusit, S. Phatarachaisakul, P. Prasertpong

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · 2013

Development of eco-industrial estates in Thailand: initiatives in the northern region community-based eco-industrial estate

Verawat Panyathanakun, Supawan Tantayanon, Charit Tingsabhat, Kitikorn Charmondusit

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2012

Problem Based Training Program on Industrial Ecology and Environment for the Sustainability Management of Industry

S. Charmondusit, Kampanad Bhaktikul, Chumlong Arunlertaree, Worachart Wisawapipat, Cheerawit Rattanapan, Kitikorn Charmondusit

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · 2012

The training program on industrial ecology and environment hosted by Mahidol University is designed to provide an understanding of the principles concept and practice of industrial ecology, which had a benefits directly to the sustainable development of industrial sectors in Asia. In 2011, the problem based training was firstly applied as a main idea for designing the course structure of the 3rd international training course on industrial ecology. Three modules, which are in class learning, field study (learning by doing), and group discussion (analysis and synthesize idea), were offered as a framework for this course. There are 14 participants from 9 participating countries in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East that joined this training program. Sustainability management of the Northern Region Industrial Estate (NRIE) and community area were delivered as a project study, which referred to the three main issues of the focused area including water quality of the Kuang river, soil contaminated problem, and community feedback to the NRIE. The results from the training program revealed that industrial activities in the NRIE did not affect the water quality of Kuang river and soil quality around NRIE area. In addition, the local people who live within or near that area have positive attitude towards the NRIE. This training approach was a challenge for the majority of participants who had not previously been exposed to it. Participant feedback was overwhelmingly positive. Participant satisfaction with the training program had a mean score of 4.92 (out of 5) with all participants agreeing or strongly agreeing with using the problem based training methodology, which can delivered the transdisciplinarity between academics and practitioners, self-regulated learning, and collaboration.

Preliminary Study on the Community-Based-Eco-Industrial Estate Development of Northern Region Industrial Estate, Thailand

Verawat Panyathanakun, Supawan Tantayanon, Charit Tingsabadh, Kitikorn Charmondusit

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · 2012

Imitating the natural eco-system, the eco-industrial estates emerged as one of effective ways to manage industrial systems. Aiming to create a sustainable industrial ecosystem required balancing of demand and supply of materials, energy, and wastes. Eco-industrial estate development strategies initiated by the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT) were announced to industrial estates and public, which consisted of 5 aspects and 22 areas and claimed as business model initiatives. At the present, industrial estates throughout the country are being transformed to eco-industrial estate and network. Preliminary study on the Community-Based-Eco-Industrial Estate (CBEIE) development of Northern Region Industrial Estate (NRIE), Thailand was focused. Findings from the survey, suggestions and improvement needs were recommended by respondents in order to build stakeholders’ trust and to balance their mutual benefits for further CBEIE development of NRIE.

A Study of Biodiesel (Ethyl Ester) Production from Grease/Oil Rich Sludge through Acid-Catalytic Ethanol Transesterification and It’s Fuel Specifications

Kappaput Thong-Innatra, Gritsanaruk Theeraraj, Chumporn Yuwaree, Kitikorn Charmondusit, Rungjarat Hutacharoen

Environment and Natural Resources Journal · 2010

The objective of this study is to produce biodiesel from grease/oil rich sludge which was trapped from the canteen of Mahidol University’s Salaya campus. The biodiesel was produced through the process of transesterification reaction in the presence of an acidic catalyst of concentrated sulfuric acid. 100% excess ethanol was used to accomplish the reaction at the molecular ratio of 30:1 (ethanol to grease) at 90C for 90 minutes. The finished product contained 95.17% biodiesel by volume with an API gravity value of 0.90 g/cm3 at 15C, a viscosity value of 8.69 mm2/s at 40C, a flash point value of 184C, and a heat value of 9,685.35 cal/g. The blending with petroleum based diesel or baseline diesel (commercial diesel) at the proportions of 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent showed no statistical significant difference at the 0.05 level. In addition, the engine performance of the blends had slightly higher engine torque and engine power than baseline diesel. In conclusion, this study found that the conversion of the canteen’s trap grease into ethyl ester had the potential to be a diesel substitute, particularly at the blending ration of 15%.

Eco-efficiency evaluation of the petroleum and petrochemical group in the map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Thailand

Kitikorn Charmondusit, K. Keartpakpraek

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2010

Poly(Methyl Methacrylate-co-Styrene) Modified with Hydrogenated Natural Rubber

Sirina Thawornwisit, Kitikorn Charmondusit, Garry L. Rempel, Napida Hinchiranan, Pattarapan Prasassarakich

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics · 2009

The mechanical properties of brittle polymers are improved by blending with rubbers. Due to C=C in the rubber structure, polymer/rubber blends have poor thermal and oxidative resistance. In this research, the mechanical and physical properties including the morphology of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene) sheet modified by blending with hydrogenated natural rubber were investigated. The optimum styrene content in copolymer sheets for improving the mechanical properties was 20% (w/w) and inclusion of hydrogenated natural rubber at 1% (w/w) exhibited a higher thermal resistance. This implies that hydrogenated natural rubber can be used as an impact modifier and thermal resistance improver for acrylic plastics

Recycling of poly(methyl methacrylate) scrap in the styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymer cast sheet process

Kitikorn Charmondusit, L. Seeluangsawat

Resources Conservation and Recycling · 2009

Eco-efficiency assessment of pulp and paper industry in Myanmar

Myo Thant, Kitikorn Charmondusit

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · 2009

Impact modification of styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer cast sheet by using natural rubber

Kitikorn Charmondusit, Panuwat Prasertpong

Environment and Natural Resources Journal · 2008

Natural rubber (NR) is an economical plant of Thailand, which has an excellent property, especially flexible property. This research presents the study and preparation of high impact transparent styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer cast sheet by using NR as an impact modifier. The copolymer cast sheets were prepared by bulk polymerization via casting process. The influence factors, such as monomer ratio and NR concentration were studied. The physical and mechanical properties of the modified copolymer cast sheet were investigated. It was found that the appropriate conditions were 90 and 80 % by weight of methyl methacrylate, 10 and 20 % by weight of styrene, 0.1 % by weight of peroxide initiator, and 0.03 % by weight of azo compound initiator. The highest impact strength of copolymer cast sheet was shown at the 20 % by weight of the natural rubber. The results show the possibility using of NR as an impact modifier for styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer cast sheet. The using of NR, which is a natural polymer and economical plant of Thailand, instead of synthetic polymers could be useful for further development in both of economical and environmental dimensions.

Evaluating the Eco-Efficiency of 3R Waste from the Petroleum and Petrochemical Group in the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Thailand with the Environmental Improvement Productivity Indicator

Umaporn Khwankue, Kitikorn Charmondusit

2008

The concept of eco-efficiency has become increasingly popular in the environmental debate of product systems, processes, and/or companies in resent year. Eco-efficiency is generally described as a ratio between environmental impact and value of production. This paper presents the eco-efficiency indicator, called environmental improvement productivity (EIP), for assessing the environmental improvement from 3R waste of the petroleum and petrochemical (PP) group in the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate (MTPIE), Thailand. The EIP is defined as the ratio of total 3R waste, as a value of production, to the total amount of CO2 reduction by the 3R activities, as an environmental impact value or environmental improvement of 3R waste, which was evaluated by the CO2 emission calculated from the basis of 3R waste incineration. The total amount of waste and 3R waste generated from the PP group in fiscal year 2007, which was separated into 4 quarters, were collected and used to create the waste flow diagram of the PP group. The results show that more than 60 % of the total waste generated from the PP group in the MTPIE was classified to be as a 3R waste. The evaluation of eco-efficiency shows the decrease of EIP values from quarter 1 to quarter 4, which refers to the increase of environmental improvement. The research can demonstrate the environmental benefits from the 3R waste, which will feed into strategic development and would enable to encourage the 3R activities for industrial sector in Thailand. 1.

Eco-efficiency evaluation of iron rod industry in Nepal

G.P. Kharel, Kitikorn Charmondusit

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2007

Hydrogenation of synthetic <i>cis</i>‐1,4‐polyisoprene and natural rubber catalyzed by [Ir(COD)py(PCy₃)]PF₆

Napida Hinchiranan, Kitikorn Charmondusit, Pattarapan Prasassarakich, Garry L. Rempel

Journal of Applied Polymer Science · 2006

Abstract In the presence of chlorinated solvents, the catalytic complex [Ir(COD)py(PCy 3 )]PF 6 (where COD is 1,5‐cyclooctadiene and py is pyridine) was an active catalyst for the hydrogenation of synthetic cis ‐1,4‐polyisoprene and natural rubber. Detailed kinetic and mechanistic studies for homogeneous hydrogenation were carried out through the monitoring of the amount of hydrogen consumed during the reaction. The final degree of olefin conversion, measured with a computer‐controlled gas‐uptake apparatus, was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy. Synthetic cis ‐1,4‐polyisoprene was used as a model polymer for natural rubber without impurities to study the influence of the catalyst loading, polymer concentration, hydrogen pressure, and reaction temperature with a statistical design framework. The kinetic results for the hydrogenation of both synthetic cis ‐1,4‐polyisoprene and natural rubber indicated that the hydrogenation rate exhibited a first‐order dependence on the catalyst concentration and hydrogen pressure. Because of impurities inside the natural rubber, the hydrogenation of natural rubber showed an inverse behavior dependence on the rubber concentration, whereas the hydrogenation rate of synthetic rubber, that is, cis ‐1,4‐polyisoprene, remained constant when the rubber concentration increased. The hydrogenation rate was also dependent on the reaction temperature. The apparent activation energies for the hydrogenation of synthetic cis ‐1,4‐polyisoprene and natural rubber were evaluated to be 79.8 and 75.6 kJ/mol, respectively. The mechanistic aspects of these catalytic processes were discussed on the basis of observed kinetic results. The addition of some acids showed an effect on the hydrogenation rate of both rubbers. The thermal properties of hydrogenated rubber samples were determined and indicated that hydrogenation increased the thermal stability of the hydrogenated rubber but did not affect the inherent glass‐transition temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4219–4233, 2006

Hydrogenation of <i>cis</i>‐1,4‐poly(isoprene) catalyzed by OsHCl(CO)(O₂)(PCy₃)₂

Kitikorn Charmondusit, Pattarapan Prasassarakich, Neil T. McManus, Garry L. Rempel

Journal of Applied Polymer Science · 2003

Abstract The quantitative hydrogenation of cis ‐1,4‐poly(isoprene) (CPIP) provides an easy entry to the alternating copolymer of ethylene–propylene, which is difficult to prepare by conventional polymerization. The homogeneous hydrogenation of CPIP, in the presence of OsHCl(CO)(O 2 )(PCy 3 ) 2 as catalyst, has been studied by monitoring the amount of hydrogen consumed during the reaction. The final degree of olefin conversion measured by computer‐controlled gas uptake apparatus was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Kinetic experiments for CPIP hydrogenation in toluene solvent indicate that the hydrogenation rate is first order with respect to catalyst and carbon–carbon double bond concentration. A second‐order dependence on hydrogen concentration for low values and a zero‐order dependence for higher values of the hydrogen concentration was observed. The apparent activation energy for the hydrogenation of CPIP over the temperature range of 115–140°C was 109.3 kJ/mole. Mechanistic aspects of this catalytic process are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 142–152, 2003

Hydrogenation of CIS-1-4-poly(isoprene) nad natural rubber catalyzed by OsHCI(CO)(O2(PCY3)2 and [Ir(COD)py(PCY3)]PF6

Kitikorn Charmondusit, Pattarapan Prasassarakich, Garry L. Rempel, Tharapong Vitidsant

2001

งานวิจัยนี้เป็นการศึกษาโฮโมจีเนียสไฮโดรจิเนชันของซีส-1, 4-พอลิไอโซพรีนโดยใช้ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา OsHCI(CO)(O2)(PCy3)2 หรือ [lr(COD)py(PCy3)]PF6 องค์ประกอบทางเคมีของผลิตภัณฑ์ตรวจสอบด้วยเทคนิคคาร์บอนนิวเคลียร์แมกเนติกเรโซแนนซ์สเปกโทรสโคปี ปริมาณไฮโดรจิเนชันสุดท้ายวัดจากเครื่องมือก๊าซอัพเทคยืนยันด้วยเทคนิคอินฟราเรดสเปกโทรสโคปีและการวิเคราะห์โปรตอนนิวเคลียร์แมกเนติกเรโซแนนซ์ จากการศึกษาจลนพลศาสตร์พบว่าปฏิกิริยาไฮโดรจิเนชันของซีส-1,4-พอลิไอโซพรีนเป็นปฏิกิริยาอันดับหนึ่งกับปริมาณพันธะคู่ ค่าคงที่อัตราเร็วจากการทดลองขึ้นกับความเข้มข้นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา ความดันไฮโดรเจนและอุณหภูมิ ค่าพลังงานกระตุ้นของปฏิกิริยาไฮโดรจิเนชันของซีส-1,4-พอลิไอโซพรีนโดยใช้ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา OsHCI(CO)(O2)(PCy3)2 และ [lr(COD)py(PCy3)]PF6 มีค่า 109.3 และ 79.8 กิโลจูล/โมล ตามลำดับ อัตราเร็วไฮโดรจิเนชันด้วย OsHCI(CO)(O2)(PCy3)2 สูงกว่าอัตราเร็วด้วย[lr(COD)py(PCy3)]PF6 ข้อมูลจลนพลศาสตร์นำไปสู่การศึกษากลไกของไฮโดรจิเนชันด้วยตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา สมบัติเชิงความร้อนของยางไฮโดรจิเนทตรวจสอบด้วยเทคนิคการวิเคราะห์เทอร์มัลเกรวิเมทริกและดิฟเฟอเรนเซียลสแกนนิงแคลอรีเมทรี ยางไฮโดรจิเนทมีสมบัติการต้านทานความร้อนดีขึ้นโดยไม่มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงค่าอุณหภูมิคล้ายแก้ว ยางธรรมชาติมีส่วนประกอบหลักของหน่วยมอนอเมอร์ที่ซ้ำกันคือ ซีส-1,4-พอลิไอโซพรีน งานวิจัยนี้ได้ศึกษาไฮโดรจิเนชันเร่งด้วยกรดของยางธรรมชาติโดยใช้ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา OsHCI(CO)(O2)(PCy3)2 ความเข้มแอซิดิทีของกรดและค่าโคออร์ดิเนทสูงของตัวทำละลายเพิ่มระดับของไฮโดรจิเนชันและอัตราเร็วปฏิกิริยา

Grafting of methyl methacrylate and styrene onto natural rubber as impact modifier for poly (Vinyl Chloride)

Kitikorn Charmondusit, Pattarapan Prasassarakich, Suda Kiatkamjornwong

1997

The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene onto natural rubber in the emulsion process was studied. The graft copolymerization was carried out by varying concentration of methyl methacrylate and styrene monomers, emulsifier concentration, initiator concentration, and reaction temperature. The grafting efficiency, graft ratio and degree of monomers conversion were reported. The molecular weights of free S/MMA and the frequency of graft chain on backbone rubber were determined by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) technique. The copolymer composition was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and elemental analyzer. The optimum conditions of graft copolymerization were 100 parts by weight of monomer per 100 parts by weight of natural rubber latex, the emulsifier concentration of 1.5 parts by weight, the initiator concentration of 1.5 parts by weight, and temperature of 70 ํC for 8 hours. The grafted natural rubber product could be used as an impact modifier for PVC was studied. The grafted natural rubber product (5, 10, 15, and 20 phr) and PVC blend were prepared. The effect of grafted natural rubber product and PVC ratio on tensile properties, lzod impact strength, and hardness were investigated. The tensile strength and hardness decreased with increasing the grafted natural rubber product, but the elongation at break and impact strength increased with increasing the grafted natural rubber. The appropriate grafted natural rubber product used were 10 and 15 phr.