Assessment of environmental target indicators combined with legal approaches for sustainability of the rubber industry in Thailand
Narisara Kaewchutima, Oramas Suttinun, Udomsak Sinthipong, Khamphe Phoungthong, Sutinee Sinutok, Jitti Mungkalasiri, Prakaytham Suksatit, Charongpun Musikavong
Cleaner Environmental Systems · 2025
Sustainability in agriculture and industry is essential for balancing economic growth with environmental responsibilities. Thailand, as a leading global producer and exporter of natural rubber, faces significant challenges in integrating sustainable practices within its extensive rubber industry. The environmental integrity dimension target indicators of the Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems (SAFA) framework are used in this study to assess the sustainability of Thailand's rubber industry across the rubber plantations and intermediate rubber processing sectors. The sustainability results obtained were integrated with a comparative analysis of Thai legal compliance. Data were collected via structured questionnaires from farmers and intermediate rubber facilities across major cultivation areas in Thailand. The finding revealed both alignments and significant discrepancies between the sustainability assessment results of the rubber sector and the legal compliance evaluation. This study identifies four sustainability performance scenarios based on legal compliance and indicators. It recommends maintaining standards where sustainability performance aligns with legal requirements, offering support and incentives where performance falls below legal requirements, and promoting certification and legal upgrades where performance exceeds requirements. For indicators not yet covered by law, particularly GHG reduction, new legislation and foundational enforcement mechanisms are essential to ensure long-term sustainability progress across both sectors. • SAFA and legal frameworks assessed sustainability in Thailand’s rubber industry. • Sustainability is grouped into four scenarios by legal compliance and performance. • Plantations showed limited compliance due to regulatory gaps. • Processing industries performed better under stronger laws and enforcement. • Policy reforms needed for GHG, waste, and renewable energy improvements.
Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and selectivity of trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles by granular activated carbon
Juthamas Jaichuedee, Charongpun Musikavong
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · 2024
The performance capability of granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption in terms of disinfection by-product (DBPs) removal was investigated with synthetic water containing 1) trihalomethanes (THMs), 2) haloacetronitriles (HANs), and 3) Mix-THMs & HANs. The initial 20 min of adsorption resulted in the maximum adsorption rate, with the total THMs, total HANs, and total Mix-THMs & HANs being 4.972, 2.071, and 6.460 µg/gGAC-min, respectively. GAC dosage affects the adsorption selectivity of THMs and HANs. Under a low GAC dosage, the selectivity of GAC adsorbs more bromo-THMs than chloro-THMs. The adsorption selectivity of THMs on GAC following bromoform > dibromochloromethane > bromodichloromethane > chloroform was investigated. As the GAC concentration increased, the selectivity of THM adsorption by GAC became comparable. Chloro-HAN, in contrast to THMs, has a higher adsorption selectivity than bromo-HAN. Trichloroacetonitrile was removed by GAC more rapidly than the other HAN species when the GAC dose was increased. The toxin of bromoform was primarily eliminated through GAC adsorption, caused by a greater removal rate than that of the other THMs. As an implemented measure, GAC is introduced to reduce THMs and HANs and the toxic contents associated with THMs and HANs.
Ecological footprint of bio-based diesel under climate change conditions toward sustainable palm oil industry and alternative energy development in Thailand
Patchareeporn Intamano, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Charongpun Musikavong
Sustainable Production and Consumption · 2024
Thailand has set a maximum biodiesel production target of 11.0 million liters per day in 2037; biodiesels produced from fatty acid methyl ester from palm oil is blended with fossil diesel . The alternative biodiesels include bio‑hydrogenated diesel and partially hydrogenated fatty acid methyl ester which can have higher blending percentages with fossil diesel. The total land and water ecosystem requirements for providing resources and absorbing emissions including cropland, energy, the forest, and built-up land for biodiesel production were assessed by ecological footprint to support the sustainable development of the biodiesel production target while considering climate change . In the existing condition, with production at 4.28 million liters per day, the ecological footprints of fatty acid methyl ester, hydrogenated fatty acid methyl ester, and bio‑hydrogenated diesel were 5.46, 5.51, and 4.09 million global hectare/year, respectively. Water and cropland were the major sources accounting for 67 % and 14 %, respectively. For the production of 11.0 million liters per day under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, with maximization of fresh fruit bunches productivity and oil percentage, the ecological footprints of fatty acid methyl ester, hydrogenated fatty acid methyl ester, and bio‑hydrogenated diesel were 9.38, 9.89, and 7.29 million global hectare/year, respectively, whereas for business-as-usual fresh fruit bunch productivity and oil percentage, these values increased to 14.5, 15.0, and 11.3 million global hectare/year, respectively. When only fatty acid methyl ester is used, the plantation area must be increased by between 741,862 and 802,281 ha. Increase in yield of oil palm plantation, percentage palm oil, and promotion of bio‑hydrogenated diesel production should be implemented to decrease the amount of resources used for bio-based diesel production.
Emerging disinfection by-products formation of various molecular weight organic matter fractions in raw water contaminated with treated wastewater
Dararat Keaonaborn, Warangkana Na-Phatthalung, Suthiwan Keawchouy, Juthamas Jaichuedee, Suthatip Sinyoung, Charongpun Musikavong
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · 2023
Combining dissolved organic matter (DOM) in raw water (RW) with DOM in treated wastewater (TWW) can react with chlorine and pose emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study evaluated DOM based on the molecular weight (MW) size fractionation, trihalomethane, iodinated-trihalomethane, haloacetonitrile, and trichloronitromethane formation potential (THMFP, I-THMFP, HANFP, and TCNMFP) of the RW from the U-Tapao Canal, Songkhla, Thailand and the RW mixed with TWW (RW + TWW) samples. The RW and RW + TWW were treated by coagulation with poly aluminum chloride. The DOM of RW and RW + TWW and their treated water was distributed most in the MW below 1 kDa. The MWs of 3-10 kDa and 1-3 kDa were the active DOM involved in the specific THMFP for the RW + TWW. The MW of < 1 kDa in the RW + TWW resulted in a slightly high specific I-THMFP and HANFP. The MW of 1 - 3 kDa in the coagulated samples had a high specific I-THMFP. The MW of > 10 kDa in the coagulated RW + TWW was a precursor for a particular HANFP. Monitoring systems for measuring the level of TWW mixed with RW and an effective process to enhance the efficiency of traditional water treatment must be set up to produce a consumer-safe water supply.
Changes in molecular dissolved organic matter during coagulation/sedimentation and chlorine and chlorine dioxide disinfection by non-target (or unknown) screening analysis
Thirawit Prasert, Y. Ishii, Futoshi Kurisu, Charongpun Musikavong, Phanwatt Phungsai
Journal of Water Process Engineering · 2023
Enhanced coagulation process for removing dissolved organic matter, microplastics, and silver nanoparticles
Suthiwan Keawchouy, Warangkana Na-Phatthalung, Dararat Keaonaborn, Juthamas Jaichuedee, Charongpun Musikavong, Suthatip Sinyoung
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · 2022
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microplastics (MPs), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in water are of major concern because of their direct and indirect toxic effects on aquatic organisms and human exposure via water. This work investigated the effect of poly aluminum chloride (PACl) coagulation for reducing DOC, MPs, and AgNPs. This work used water from a canal in Thailand with a DOC of 5.2 mg/L in the experiment. AgNPs of 5-20 mg/L were added to canal water to create synthetic water for the PACl coagulation. Polyethylene and polypropylene (PP) type MPs were identified in the raw water with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Coagulation with 15 mg/L of PACl performed better in the PP removal. The PACl coagulation at dosages of 15, 40, and 70 mg/L removed DOC by 16-20%, 44-52%, and 46-63% and AgNPs by 34-90%, 53-93%, and 81-95%, respectively. The presence of AgNPs at high levels could inhibit the efficiency of DOC reduction by the PACl coagulation. The FESEM identified the adsorption of silver-containing nanoparticles onto the flocs with increased dosages of PACl. So, PACl is a coagulant in the removal of AgNPs that can reduce health hazards and eco-toxicological risks in water sources due to the release of silver.
Reduction Of Chloride In Raw Water By Nanofiltration And Reverse Osmosis
Suppakit Panwattanakul, Kasipong Kasikun, Charongpun Musikavong, Suthatip Sinyoung
IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · 2021
Abstract This research is aimed at determining the reduction of chloride in the raw water of a water supply plant using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Raw water was prepared by adding NaCl at the concentrations of 300 and 600 mg/L. This work used a PACl at 15 mg/L as the pre-treatment for removing turbidity and DOC. Coagulated water was filtered with GF/C filter as the filtration process for minimizing membrane blockage. At chloride concentrations of 300 and 600 mg/L, the flux values were in the range of 66.7-70.0 and 62.8–65.0 L/m 2-h for NF-270 and 17.2–20.6 and 18.3-20.8 L/m 2-h for TW-30, respectively. The performance capabilities of NF-270 and TW-30 for reducing chloride were significantly different. NF-270 and TW-30 membranes were able to reduce chloride by 67 % and 92 % at the added dose of 300 mg/L, respectively. At the added amount of 600 mg/L, NF-270 and TW-30 membranes could reduce chloride by 63 % and 85 %, respectively. In the case of chloride in raw water at a concentration lower than 600 mg/L, the nanofiltration is suitable for removing chloride in regards to the low operation costs compared with the reverse osmosis. Nanofiltration could reduce chloride to lower concentration levels than the water supply standards of the Provincial Waterworks Authority.
Sustainability indicators for rubber plantations in Thailand: Environmental integrity dimension
Khamphe Phoungthong, Sutinee Sinutok, Oramas Suttinun, Suriya Palamae, Jitti Mungkalasiri, Prakaytham Suksatit, Charongpun Musikavong
IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · 2021
Abstract The natural rubber industry has played a vital role in Thailand’s economic, environmental, and social contexts. Therefore, sustainable rubber production is a significant concern. At present, a wide variety of international tools has been developed to assess the agricultural sector’s sustainability performance. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations developed the Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture systems ( SAFA) in 2013. Environmental integrity is one of the dimensions of sustainability in SAFA. SAFA is applied to assess the impact of agriculture operations on the environment. This research aims to assess suitable environmental integrity indicators in compliance with SAFA for rubber plantations in Thailand. The system boundary is set to cover rubber plantations, harvesting of fresh latex, and rubber tree felling. This work conducted focus group discussions, using the SAFA, guidelines, indicators, and tools for rubber plantations, the review process by rubber plantation experts, representatives of rubber associations, SAFA researchers, and environmental scholars, and site visits to interview rubber farmers in the south, northeast, and north of Thailand. Environmental themes, including the atmosphere, water, land, biodiversity, and material and energy were included in assessing the environmental integrity of a rubber plantation. Animal welfare was not included.
Emerging disinfection by-products’ formation potential in raw water, wastewater, and treated wastewater in Thailand
Warangkana Na Phatthalung, Charongpun Musikavong
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · 2019
Raw water (RW) from the Bangkok and Sing Buri water treatment plants located on the Chao Phraya River, river water, domestic wastewater (WW), and treated wastewater (TWW) from two wastewater treatment plants in Thailand were collected three times to investigate disinfection by-products' (DBPs) formation potential (FP) including trihalomethane FP (THMFP), iodo-THMFP (I-THMFP), haloacetonitriles FP (HANFP), and trichloronitromethane FP (TCNMFP). High THMFP levels were observed in river water, WW, and TWW. Considering average value, the THMFP of TWW was about two times higher than that of RW. Relatively high levels of I-THMFP were found in WW and TWW. The I-THMFP of TWW was three to seven times higher than that of RW. The HANFP of TWW was one to three times higher than that of RW. High levels of TCNMFP were found in WW and TWW. TCNMFP of TWW was six to thirteen times higher than that of RW. The discharge of TWW to RW must be prevented and controlled. The moderately positive linear relationship was obtained between dissolved organic carbon and TCNMFP in TWW. Considering measured weight concentration, THMFP was found as the highest DBPs. The highest lethal concentration 50-weighted and lowest cytotoxicity-weighted concentrations of DBPs were determined for HANFP.
Reduction by enhanced coagulation of dissolved organic nitrogen as a precursor of N-nitrosodimethylamine
Phanawan Tongchang, Jindalak Kumsuvan, Warangkana Na Phatthalung, Chaisri Suksaroj, Aunnop Wongrueng, Charongpun Musikavong
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · 2018
Raw water from the Banglen (BL) water treatment plant (WTP) and Bangkhen (BK) WTP in central Thailand and Hatyai (HY) WTP in southern Thailand was investigated for dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) reduction. The DON(mg N/L) and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC)/DON ratio were 0.34 and 21, 0.24 and 18, and 1.12 and 3 for the raw waters from BL, BK, and HY WTPs, respectively. Polyaluminum chloride (PACl) dosages of 150, 80, and 40 mg/L at pH 7 were the optimal coagulation conditions for the raw waters from BL, BK, and HY WTPs, respectively, and could reduce DON by 50%, 42%, and 42%, respectively. PACl and powder activated carbon (PAC, both in mg/L) at 150 and 20, 80 and 20, and 40 and 60 could reduce DON in the raw waters from BL, BK, and HY WTPs by 71%, 67%, and 29%, respectively. DOC/DON values of water treated with PACl were similar to those of raw water. DOC/DON values of water treated with PACl and PAC were lower than those of raw water. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potentials of raw water, water treated with PACl, or both PACl and PAC, and organic fractions of BL, BK, and HY WTPs were below the detection limits of 542 and 237 ng/L, respectively. Reductions in fluorescence intensities of tryptophan-like substances at peaks 240/350 and 280/350 (nmEx/nmEm) were moderately (correlation coefficient, R = 0.85 and 0.86) and fairly (R = 0.59, 0.67, and 0.75) correlated with DON reduction.
Reduction by enhanced coagulation of dissolved organic nitrogen as a precursor of N-nitrosodimethylamine Part A Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering
Phanawan Tongchang, Jindalak Kumsuvan, Warangkana Na Phatthalung, Chaisri Suksaroj, Aunnop Wongrueng, Charongpun Musikavong
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology · 2018
Raw water from the Banglen (BL) water treatment plant (WTP) and Bangkhen (BK) WTP in central Thailand and Hatyai (HY) WTP in southern Thailand was investigated for dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) reduction. The DON(mg N/L) and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC)/DON ratio were 0.34 and 21, 0.24 and 18, and 1.12 and 3 for the raw waters from BL, BK, and HY WTPs, respectively. Polyaluminum chloride (PACl) dosages of 150, 80, and 40 mg/L at pH 7 were the optimal coagulation conditions for the raw waters from BL, BK, and HY WTPs, respectively, and could reduce DON by 50%, 42%, and 42%, respectively. PACl and powder activated carbon (PAC, both in mg/L) at 150 and 20, 80 and 20, and 40 and 60 could reduce DON in the raw waters from BL, BK, and HY WTPs by 71%, 67%, and 29%, respectively. DOC/DON values of water treated with PACl were similar to those of raw water. DOC/DON values of water treated with PACl and PAC were lower than those of raw water. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potentials of raw water, water treated with PACl, or both PACl and PAC, and organic fractions of BL, BK, and HY WTPs were below the detection limits of 542 and 237 ng/L, respectively. Reductions in fluorescence intensities of tryptophan-like substances at peaks 240/350 and 280/350 (nmEₓ/nmEₘ) were moderately (correlation coefficient, R = 0.85 and 0.86) and fairly (R = 0.59, 0.67, and 0.75) correlated with DON reduction.
Relationships between Trihalomethane Formation Potential and Surrogate Parameters for Dissolved Organic Matter in Reservoir Water and Treated Wastewater in Thailand
Charongpun Musikavong
Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology · 2017
Relationships between trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) surrogate parameters including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet adsorption at wavelength 254 nm (UV-254) and specific ultraviolet adsorption (SUVA) were investigated from six water sources in Thailand. Five raw water supply sources were Mae-Hia Reservoir, Aung-Keaw Reservoir, Mae-Kuang Reservoir in Chaing Mai province, the Bhumibol Dam Reservoir in Tak Province, and the Northern-Region Industrial Estate Reservoir in Lamphun province, Thailand. One treated wastewater was effluent water from the central wastewater treatment plant of the Northern-Region Industrial Estate. The coagulation process was utilized to remove DOM from all water samples. In the case of raw water, coagulated water, hydrophobic organic fraction and hydrophilic organic fraction of reservoir water, moderate correlations were obtained from relationships between THMFP and DOC, (R2 of 0.83) and between THMFP and UV-254 (R2 of 0.77). Correlations were significant at the 0.01 level. A poor correlation was obtained from relationship between THMFP and SUVA (R2 of 0.34). The fitting equation for predicting THMFP in reservoir water and its coagulated water could be expressed as follows: THMFP ( g/L) = 73.67DOC (mg/L) + 86.8. In case of treated wastewater and its coagulated water, moderate correlation (R2 of 0.84), good correlation (R2 = 0.96) and moderate correlation (R2 of 0.81) were observed from relationships between THMFP and DOC, THMFP and UV-254, and between THMFP and SUVA, respectively. Correlations were significant at the 0.01 level. The appropriate equation for predicting THMFP in treated wastewater and its coagulated water could be expressed as follows: THMFP ( g/L) = 813.3DOC (mg/L) + 310. In conclusion, DOC and UV-254, therefore, moderately correlated with THMFP in both reservoir water and treated wastewater. SUVA moderately correlated with THMFP in treated wastewater; however, it did not relate to THMFP in reservoir water in Thailand.
The presence of aliphatic and aromatic amines in reservoir and canal water as precursors to disinfection by-products
Warangkana Na Phatthalung, Charongpun Musikavong, Oramas Suttinun
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · 2016
This research aimed at determining the dimethylamine (DMA), diethylamine (DEA), dibutylamine (DBA), and aromatic aniline (AN) in reservoir and canal water in the U-Tapao River Basin, Songkhla, Thailand. The trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential (NDMA-FP) of the reservoir and canal water were analyzed. Water samples from two reservoirs and raw water from water treatment plants at upstream, midstream, and downstream locations of the canal were collected twice. The analysis of the DMA, DEA, DBA, and AN were conducted using gas chromatography and spectrofluorometry techniques. The DMA, DEA, and DBA levels in the reservoir and canal waters ranged from not detectable (ND) to 10 µg/L and from ND to 21.2 µg/L, respectively. AN was detected from 123 to 129 ng/L and from 112 to 177 ng/L in the reservoir and canal waters, respectively. The DMA, DEA, DBA, and AN exhibited two fluorescent peaks at 230nmEx/345nmEm and 280 nmEx/355nmEm. These two peaks corresponded to the peak positions of tryptophan. Detection limits of DMA, DEA, and DBA for fluorescent analysis were 500 μg/L whereas that of AN and tryptophan were 10 and 0.5 μg/L, respectively. The NDMA-FP measured in all the water samples was lower than the detection limit of 237 ng/L. THMFP ranged from 175 to 248 μg/L and 214 to 429 μg/L was detected in the reservoir and canal waters, respectively. The THMFP/dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the reservoir and canal waters were comparable within the ranges of 73 to 131 µg THMFP/mg DOC.
Formation of trihalomethanes of dissolved organic matter fractions in reservoir and canal waters
Charongpun Musikavong, Kanjanee Srimuang, Thunwadee Tachapattaworakul Suksaroj, Chaisri Suksaroj
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · 2016
The formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) of hydrophobic organic fraction (HPO), transphilic organic fraction (TPI), and hydrophilic organic fraction (HPI) of reservoir and canal waters from the U-Tapao River Basin, Songkhla, Thailand was investigated. Water samples were collected three times from two reservoirs, upstream, midstream, and downstream of the U-Tapao canal. The HPO was the major dissolved organic matter (DOM) fraction in reservoir and canal waters. On average, the HPO accounted for 53 and 45% of the DOM in reservoir and canal waters, respectively. The TPI of 19 and 23% in reservoir and canal waters were determined, respectively. The HPI of 29% of the reservoir water and HPI of 32% of the canal water were detected. For the reservoir water, the highest trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP)/dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined for the HPI, followed by the TPI and HPO, respectively. The average values of the THMFP/DOC of the HPI, TPI, and HPO of the reservoir water were 78, 52, and 49 µg THMs/mg C, respectively. The highest THMFP/DOC of the canal water was detected for the HPI, followed by HPO and TPI, respectively. Average values of the THMFP/DOC of HPI of water at upstream and midstream locations of 58 µg THMs/mg C and downstream location of 113 µg THMs/mg C were determined. Average values of THMFP/DOC of HPO of water at upstream and midstream and downstream locations were 48 and 93 µg THMs/mg C, respectively. For the lowest THMFP/DOC fraction, the average values of THMFP/DOC of TPI of water at upstream and midstream and downstream locations were 35 and 73 µg THMs/mg C, respectively.
Evolution of Pretreatment Methods for Nanofiltration Membrane Used for Dissolved Organic Matter Removal in Raw Water Supply
Sirikul Siriraksophon, Charongpun Musikavong, Chaisri Suksaroj, Thunwadee Tachapattaworakul Suksaroj
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · 2016
Coagulation and microfiltration using polyaluminium chloride (PACl) were investigated as a pretreatment process by nanofiltration to reduce dissolved organic matter in both raw water and treated water at water treatment plants. The dissolved organic matter in the raw water supply may be a precursor of carcinogens produced during the disinfection process. Raw water from pumping stations and treated water from Hat Yai Provincial Waterworks Authority, Songkhla Province, Thailand were used as samples for this study. Fractionation of raw water samples by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resin revealed that they contained hydrophilic, transphilic and hydrophobic groups with hydrophilic the major organic component. PACl coagulation resulted in a higher dissolved organic matter removal than microfiltration techniques. A hybrid coagulation-nanofiltration process was studied. This effectively reduced dissolved organic matter as dissolved organic carbon and UV-254 by 86% and 94% respectively. The hybrid coagulation-nanofiltration process reduced dissolved organic carbons of the hydrophobic group more effectively than the hydrophilic group. Chloroform and bromodichloroform were the two major species of the trihalomethane group produced when raw water reacted with chlorine. The hybrid coagulation-nanofiltration process reduced the trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) in raw water samples by up to 90%
Alternative Technologies for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Palm Oil Mills in Thailand
Roihatai Kaewmai, Aran H‐Kittikun, Chaisri Suksaroj, Charongpun Musikavong
Environmental Science & Technology · 2013
Alternative methodologies for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from crude palm oil (CPO) production by a wet extraction mill in Thailand were developed. The production of 1 t of CPO from mills with biogas capture (four mills) and without biogas capture (two mills) in 2010 produced GHG emissions of 935 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq), on average. Wastewater treatment plants with and without biogas capture produced GHG emissions of 64 and 47% of total GHG emission, respectively. The rest of the emissions mostly originated from the acquisition of fresh fruit bunches. The establishment of a biogas recovery system must be the first step in the reduction of GHG emissions. It could reduce GHG emissions by 373 kgCO2eq/t of CPO. The main source of GHG emission of 163 kgCO2eq/t of CPO from the mills with biogas capture was the open pond used for cooling of wastewater before it enters the biogas recovery system. The reduction of GHG emissions could be accomplished by (i) using a wastewater-dispersed unit for cooling, (ii) using a covered pond, (iii) enhancing the performance of the biogas recovery system, and (iv) changing the stabilization pond to an aerated lagoon. By using options i-iv, reductions of GHG emissions of 216, 208, 92.2, and 87.6 kgCO2eq/t of CPO, respectively, can be achieved.
Identification of dissolved organic matter in raw water supply from reservoirs and canals as precursors to trihalomethanes formation
Charongpun Musikavong, Suraphong Wattanachira
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · 2013
The characteristic and quantity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as trihalomethanes precursors in water from the U-Tapao Basin, Songkhla, Thailand was investigated. The sources of water in the basin consisted of two reservoirs and the U-Tapao canal. The canal receives water discharge from reservoirs, treated and untreated wastewater from agricultural processes, communities and industries. Water downstream of the canal is utilized as a raw water supply. Water samples were collected from two reservoirs, upstream and midstream of the canal, and the raw water supply in the rainy season and summer. The DOM level in the canal water was higher than that of the reservoir water. The highest trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) was formed in the raw water supply. Fourier-transform infrared peaks of the humic acid were detected in the reservoir and canal waters. Aliphatic hydrocarbon and organic nitrogen were the major chemical classes in the reservoir and canal water characterized by a pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometer. The optimal condition of the poly aluminum chloride (PACl) coagulation was obtained at a dosage of 40 mg/L at pH 7. This condition could reduce the average UV-254 to 57%, DOC to 64%, and THMFP to 42%. In the coagulated water, peaks of O-H groups or H-bonded NH, C˭O of cyclic and acyclic compounds, ketones and quinines, aromatic C˭C, C-O of alcohols, ethers, and carbohydrates, deformation of COOH, and carboxylic acid salts were detected. The aliphatic hydrocarbon, organic nitrogen and aldehydes and ketones were the major chemical classes. These DOM could be considered as the prominent DOM for the water supply plant that utilized PACl as a coagulant.
Assessment of Relationship between Land uses of Riparian Zone and Water Quality of River for Sustainable Development of River Basin, A Case Study of U-Tapao River Basin, Thailand
Saroj Gyawali, Kuaanan Techato, Chumpol Yuangyai, Charongpun Musikavong
Procedia Environmental Sciences · 2013
The main objective of this study is to find the relationship between land use patterns of riparian zone of the river and water quality parameters. Various water quality parameters were collected from 10 monitoring stations of U-tapao River in the year 2000 to 2011 as secondary data. Land use data as the percentage of land of 100 m riparian zone along the river network were derived from using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and they were linked with water quality data. Analysis of variance, correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to investigate spatial and temporal variations and the interrelationships between land uses and water quality parameters. Water quality parameters: temperature (TEMP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) showed spatial variation, whereas TEMP, suspended solid (SS) and fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) showed seasonal variation. Land uses: agriculture, urban, and grass land showed spatial variation, whereas only agriculture and grass land showed annual variation. Urban land showed significant positive correlation with TEMP, SS and dissolved solid (DS) and negative correlation with pH. Similarly, agriculture showed significant positive correlation with SS and DS and negative correlation with TEMP and DO. In the study, water quality parameters were predicted by using multiple regression models and understanding of these relationships can help policy or decision makers to develop suitable land use practices on the riparian zone for sustainable development of a river basin.
Reduction of fractionated dissolved organic matter and their trihalomethane formation potential with enhanced coagulation
Charongpun Musikavong, Kamonnawin Inthanuchit, Kanjanee Srimuang, Thunwadee Tachapattaworakul Suksaroj, Chaisri Suksaroj
ScienceAsia · 2013
The trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of the raw water supply from the U-Tapao Canal, Songkhla, Thailand and the THMFP of the hydrophobic organic fraction (HPO) and hydrophilic organic fraction (HPI) of the raw water supply were determined. The canal has been contaminated with treated and untreated wastewater from communities, agricultural processes, and industrial activities. Water samples were collected 3 times from an intake point of the water treatment plant located downstream of the canal. We found an average dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of 7.4 mg/l and a THMFP of 630 µg/l in the raw water. We also found a DOCHPO of 3.3 mg/l, a DOCHPI of 3.7 mg/l, a THMFPHPO of 281 µg/l, and a THMFPHPI of 348 µg/l. Strong fluorescent peaks of tryptophan-like and humic and fulvic acid-like substances were detected in the raw water. The optimal condition of polyaluminium chloride (PACl) coagulation for removing dissolved organic matter was obtained at a PACl of 40 mg/l at pH 7. Under such conditions, it could reduce the average DOC to 55% and THMFP to 48%. The PACl coagulation reduced the fluorescent intensity of humic and fulvic acid-like substances more than tryptophan-like substances. The best reduction observed of DOC was 76% and THMFP was 83%; this was obtained by using a PACl of 40 mg/l with 1 mg/l of polymer and 80 mg/l of powder activated carbon. Under such conditions, there was consistent removal of an average DOCHPO, DOCHPI, THMFPHPO, and THMFPHPI by 85, 68, 81, and 79%, respectively. Such a condition was capable of reducing trihalomethanes to meet the World Health Organization standards.
Removal of organic impurities in waste glycerol from biodiesel production process through the acidification and coagulation processes
Qiao-guang Xie, Wirach Taweepreda, Charongpun Musikavong, Chaisri Suksaroj
Water Science & Technology · 2012
Treatment of waste glycerol, a by-product of the biodiesel production process, can reduce water pollution and bring significant economic benefits for biodiesel facilities. In the present study, hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used as acidification to convert soaps into salts and free fatty acids which were recovered after treatment. The pH value, dosages of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and dosage of polyacrylamide (PAM) were considered to be the factors that can influence coagulation efficiency. The pH value of waste glycerol was adjusted to a pH range of 3-9. The PACl and PAM added were in the range of 1-6 g/L and 0.005-0.07 g/L. The results showed best coagulation efficiency occurs at pH 4 when dosage of PACl and PAM were 2 and 0.01 g/L. The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD(5)), total suspended solids (TSS) and soaps were 80, 68, 97 and 100%, respectively. The compositions of organic matters in the treated waste glycerol were glycerol (288 g/L), methanol (3.8 g/L), and other impurities (0.3 g/L).
Separation of oily sludge and glycerol from biodiesel processing waste by coagulation
Qiao-guang Xie, Wirach Taweepreda, Charongpun Musikavong, Chaisri Suksaroj
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · 2011
Raw waste glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production from transesterification, which is high in salt, and has a highpH value (more than 9.6). The purpose of this research is to reduce the water pollution from waste glycerol by using acoagulation process and discussing the possibility of waste glycerol reuse. The commercial coagulant (2% by weight), whichwas composed by cationic polyamine (PA) 6% and poly-aluminium chloride (PACl) 94% (w/w), was used as coagulant totreat waste glycerol. The results showed that after acidification and coagulation process, most of the chemical oxygen demand(COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), and oily sludge (such as fatty acid, methyl ester,methanol and soap) in raw waste glycerol were removed, except glycerol. The removal efficiencies of COD, BOD5, TSS, soapand methanol were 96.2%, 93.3%, 98.1%, 100%, and 85.8%, respectively, but the removal efficiency of glycerol was only65.4%. There was still a certain amount of glycerol (about 147.5g/L) in the solution, which is separated from oily sludge.
Enhanced Coagulation for Removal of Dissolved Organic Matter and Trihalomethane Formation Potential from Raw Water Supply in Sri-Trang Reservoir, Thailand
Tassana Kueseng, Thunwadee Tachapattaworakul Suksaroj, Charongpun Musikavong, Chaisri Suksaroj
Water Practice & Technology · 2011
The present research aims to examine the coagulation process enhancement for dissolved organic matter (DOM) and The present research aims to examine the coagulation process enhancement for dissolved organic matter (DOM) and trihalomethane formatation potential (THMFP) removal from a raw water supply with low turbidity and specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA). Coagulation conditions were optimized using polyaluminum chloride (PACl), PACl with dry cationic polymer (polymer), and PACl with polymer and powder activated carbon (PAC). DOM was measured in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultraviolet absorption at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV-254). Results show that the optimal condition for PACl, PACl and polymer, and PACl with polymer and PAC coagulation were PACl 20 mg/L at pH 7, PACl 20 mg/L and polymer 0·1 mg/L, and PACl 20 mg/L with polymer 0·1 mg/L and PAC 10 mg/L, respectively. When the DOM contents in coagulated water were fractioned to be hydrophilic (HPI) and hydrophobic (HPO) groups, it was found that the coagulation process could effectively remove more DOC of HPO than DOC of HPI. The coagulation using PACl combined with polymer and PAC provided the highest level of DOC of HPI, DOC of HPO, Trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of HPI, and THMFP of HPO removal efficiencies and were shown to be 65%, 75%, 77%, and 79%, respectively.
Reduction of dissolved organic matter and trihalomethane formation potential in raw water supply reservoir by hybrid ultrafiltration process
Warintorn Banchapattanasakda, Charongpun Musikavong, Thunwadee Tachapattaworakul Suksaroj, Chaisri Suksaroj
AQUA - Water Infrastructure Ecosystems and Society · 2011
Research Article| December 01 2011 Reduction of dissolved organic matter and trihalomethane formation potential in raw water supply reservoir by hybrid ultrafiltration process Warintorn Banchapattanasakda; Warintorn Banchapattanasakda 1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Charongpun Musikavong; Charongpun Musikavong 1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand2National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (EHWM), Satellite Center at Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Thunwadee Tachapattaworakul Suksaroj; Thunwadee Tachapattaworakul Suksaroj 2National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (EHWM), Satellite Center at Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand3Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Chaisri Suksaroj Chaisri Suksaroj 1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand2National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (EHWM), Satellite Center at Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua (2011) 60 (8): 494–501. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2011.001 Article history Received: December 24 2010 Accepted: October 27 2011 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Permissions Search Site Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThis Journal Search Advanced Search Citation Warintorn Banchapattanasakda, Charongpun Musikavong, Thunwadee Tachapattaworakul Suksaroj, Chaisri Suksaroj; Reduction of dissolved organic matter and trihalomethane formation potential in raw water supply reservoir by hybrid ultrafiltration process. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 1 December 2011; 60 (8): 494–501. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2011.001 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Hybrid microfiltration (MF)–ultrafiltration (UF) and hybrid coagulation–ultrafiltration membrane processes were investigated and compared for dissolved organic matter (DOM) reduction in the low turbidity raw water supply from Sri-Trang Reservoir, Thailand. The coagulation process was operated with 20 mg/L polyaluminum chloride (PACl) at pH 7. The MF used had a pore size of 0.1 μm and the UF was of immersible polysulfone hollow fiber membrane with a pore size of 0.008 μm. The hybrid coagulation–UF process could effectively reduce DOM in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV-254 by 64% whereas the hybrid MF–UF membrane process yielded lower efficiency, 58% DOC reduction and 50% UV-254, respectively. In regards to trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) analysis, the hybrid coagulation–UF membrane process showed slightly higher efficiency in THMFP reduction than that of the hybrid MF–UF process, 87.6 and 87.1%, respectively. The resin adsorption technique using DAX-8 was also employed to fractionate DOM in all water samples into two fractions; hydrophobic (HPO) and hydrophillic (HPI) organic matter. Significantly, HPO was the major fraction of DOM in the raw water source and it was the main precursor of THMFP. DOM, hybrid ultrafiltration process, raw water supply reservoir, THMFP, UV-254 This content is only available as a PDF. © IWA Publishing 2011 You do not currently have access to this content.
Separation of oily sludge and glycerol from biodiesel processing waste by coagulation.
Xie Qiaoguang, Wirach Taweepreda, Charongpun Musikavong, Chaisri Suksaroj
Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology · 2011
Raw waste glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production from transesterification, which is high in salt, and has a high pH value (more than 9.6). The purpose of this research is to reduce the water pollution from waste glycerol by using a coagulation process and discussing the possibility of waste glycerol reuse. The commercial coagulant (2% by weight), which was composed by cationic polyamine (PA) 6% and poly-aluminium chloride (PACl) 94% (w/w), was used as coagulant to treat waste glycerol. The results showed that after acidification and coagulation process, most of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), total suspended solids (TSS), and oily sludge (such as fatty acid, methyl ester, methanol and soap) in raw waste glycerol were removed, except glycerol. The removal efficiencies of COD, BOD 5 , TSS, soap and methanol were 96.2%, 93.3%, 98.1%, 100%, and 85.8%, respectively, but the removal efficiency of glycerol was only 65.4%. There was still a certain amount of glycerol (about 147.5g/L) in the solution, which is separated from oily sludge.
The Determination of Tryptophan and Humic and Fulvic Acid-Like Substances Reduction in RAW Water from U-TAPAO Basin Thailand with Alum Coagulation
Chaisri Suksaroj, Payom Rattanamanee, Charongpun Musikavong, Suraphong Wattanachira
Water Practice & Technology · 2009
The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of alum coagulation process for organic substances treating in raw water from U-Tapao canal, Thailand with measuring in term of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorption at wavelength 254 nm (UV-254) and Fluorescent Excitation-Emission Matrix (FEEM) reduction. Raw water samples were collected from three points of U-Tapao canal, one was existing pumping station (U-Tapao) and other two points (Sadao reservoir and Khlongla reservoir) are at upstream which may be used as an alternative pumping station. The results showed the condition of organic matter from point source and non-point source contamination in water samples. The results of FEEM showed that the water sample from U-Tapao pumping station contained both fulvic-humic acid-like substances and tryptophan-like substances were whereas Sadao and Khlongla reservoirs could detect mainly fulvic and humic acid-like substances. The coagulation gave the best results of turbidity, DOC and UV-254 reduction at pH 5 and 80 mg/L of alum dose. It could reduce 80% of the organic substances in term of UV 254, but only 50% in term of DOC and FEEM. Furtherore the DOC and UV-254 reduction efficiency were slightly declined when the tryptophan-like substances presented.
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