Farming System Dynamics of Agrivoltaics: A Review of the Circular Eco-Bridge on Improving Sustainable Agroecosystems
Tupthai Norsuwan, Kawiporn Chinachanta, Thakoon Punyasai, Rattanaphon Chaima, Pruk Aggarangsi, Masaomi Kimura, Napat Jakrawatana, Yutaka Matsuno
Agriculture · 2026
Agrivoltaics (AV) has emerged as an integrated land-use innovation capable of simultaneously addressing food, energy, and water challenges, yet its systemic implications for farming system sustainability remain insufficiently synthesized. This review adopts a farming system dynamics perspective to examine how AV systems reorganize biophysical, ecological, and socio-economic interactions across agroecosystems. Drawing upon agroecological principles, pathways of sustainable intensification and ecological intensification, and resource-loop strategies in circular economy, we identify the key elements and cause-and-effect relationships that shape AV system performance. Evidence indicates that the co-location of photovoltaics (PV) structures and crop cultivation generates new system properties, altered light distribution, moderated microclimates, redistributed soil moisture, and diversified production functions that influence productivity, resource-use efficiency, ecological services, and farm resilience. Using causal loop analysis, we conceptualize four central feedback dynamics: (i) PV–crop trade-offs and spatial-sharing relationships; (ii) microclimate modifications and crop physiological responses; (iii) ecological performance and landscape-level interactions; and (iv) circularity loops connecting resource conservation, renewable-energy substitution, soil processes, and material flows. This feedback collectively determines eco-efficiency outcomes, including enhanced land-equivalent productivity, improved water-use efficiency, strengthened regulating services, and reductions in external energy dependence. At the farming-system scale, AV diversifies income streams and stabilizes yields under climatic variability, whereas at the landscape scale, it fosters multifunctionality by supporting regenerative resource flows and ecological resilience. Building on these insights, we propose an integrated framework that links agroecological elements with dynamic feedback structures to guide context-specific AV design, management, and governance. This system-oriented synthesis provides a foundation for future research and policy efforts aimed at optimizing AV as a circular, resilient, and sustainable farming system innovation.
Assessment of post-consumer plastic packaging waste flow in Chiang Mai: Challenges for low- and high-value plastic waste streams towards a circular economy
Boonyawee Boonyasaranai, Napat Jakrawatana, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Kiyo Kurisu, Sarunnoud Phuphisith
Cleaner Environmental Systems · 2026
Recycling is crucial to achieving a sustainable plastic circular economy. Like many developing countries, Thailand can feasibly achieve source separation for recycling through both formal curbside collection and informal waste gatherers. While the government set specific recycling targets for plastic packaging waste (PPW) at 50% by 2022 and 100% by 2027, a comprehensive understanding of PPW composition and management remains limited. This study examined the flow of different PPW types across six product categories and seven resin types. The analysis covered the entire lifecycle from generation to end-of-life in Chiang Mai city. Measures were also recommended to improve circularity in PPW and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Data collected in 2022 indicated that 23 ± 5% of the total PPW generated was recycled. Bottles had a higher recycling rate through informal channels, while multilayer packaging and cutlery ended up in landfills. Various resins were identified at source PPW generation, but buyers of recyclables currently accept a limited range of PPW categories, including high-value PET and HDPE bottles. Strictly promoting the recycling of high-value PPW will not, on its own, achieve a 50% recycling rate; the city also needs to address low-value PPW. The analysis highlighted challenges in current informal recycling channels and facilities in meeting the ambitious 100% recycling goal, highlighting the need for technological innovations, market development, policy tools, and strategies to support plastic circularity. Insights from this research could benefit other cities with similar waste management systems, particularly those in which informal financial channels drive recycling activities. • Examined post-consumer plastic packaging waste under the formal and informal sectors • Plastic packaging waste was analyzed into six product applications and seven polymers • PET and PE bottles were most accepted via the informal market-driven recycling route • Interventions for low-value plastic packaging waste are crucial to circularity
Multi-criteria assessment of maize value chain sustainability: A case study of Thailand
Napat Jakrawatana, Wiphaphorn Sombat, Chuanchom Nitano, Arisara Charoenpanyanet, Patipat Vongruang, Nakorn Tippayawong, Shabbir H. Gheewala
Cleaner Environmental Systems · 2026
Maize-based feed production in Thailand and the Mekong region drives deforestation, residue burning, greenhouse gas emissions, and nutrient losses, yet integrated evidence on regenerative circular options is scarce. This study develops an integrated value-chain assessment combining substance flow analysis, carbon and phosphorus circularity indicators, 100-year carbon sequestration modeling, satellite-based burned-area and particulate matter estimates, and life cycle assessment to evaluate baseline performance and four improvement scenarios, from all-compost and all-pyrolysis pathways to a hybrid compost–pyrolysis system and highland agroforestry with maize import substitution. Results show that maximizing nutrient circularity does not guarantee maximal climate mitigation: all-compost strategies achieve high P recycling and zero burning but provide limited long-term carbon storage (10% compost C stability over 100 years), whereas full pyrolysis can triple carbon sequestration by stabilizing residues as biochar (68% stability), turning the sector into a net carbon sink. Agroforestry-based land-use change achieves the highest circularity (approximately 42% C and 38% P) by integrating perennial biomass, but it also introduces reliance on imported grain and potential leakage. Overall, the analysis highlights that technically optimal climate solutions face significant logistical barriers and that hybrid, node-matched configurations of pyrolysis, composting, and agroforestry, supported by targeted economic and policy instruments, provide the most realistic pathways to a genuinely regenerative circular maize value chain. • Maximizing nutrient circularity does not guarantee maximal climate mitigation. • Pyrolysis triples carbon sequestration turning maize sector into carbon sink. • Compost achieves high P recycling but provides limited carbon storage. • Agroforestry achieves highest circularity but increases import dependence. • Hybrid pyrolysis-compost systems offer most realistic regenerative pathways.
Waste-to-Energy and Potential for Enhancing Regional Energy Resilience
Wichuda Pumpoung, Napat Jakrawatana
PaperAsia · 2025
Energy resilience is essential for regions that rely heavily on external energy sources and those vulnerable to natural disasters that can disrupt electricity supply. This study explores the potential of waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies to enhance energy resilience by utilizing local municipal solid waste and agricultural biomass residues. It analyses waste incineration, which converts combustible waste into heat for energy generation, and anaerobic digestion, which transforms organic waste into biogas through microbial processes. Both technologies offer significant advantages, including reducing waste volume, generating renewable energy, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions from open burning or landfilling. Together with Material Flow Analysis (MFA) was employed to evaluate waste flows and the potential for energy production. The analysis was conducted using a scenario analysis, which revealed a potential reduction of up to 45% in external energy imports with local renewable energy. The study results show improvements in key indicators such as the self-sufficiency ratio and energy resilience, highlighting the role of decentralized energy systems in making energy access more flexible and diversified while also solving local waste management problems, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and alleviating environmental impacts. However, implementing WtE systems presents specific challenges, such as restrictions on waste collection and transportation, high technology costs, and the need to operate the system continuously.
Utilization of plastic waste in hot mix asphalt using dry mixing processes: Laboratory assessment of airborne microplastics
Thanon Bualuang, Peerapong Jitsangiam, Napat Jakrawatana, Pimpawat Teeratitayangkul, Patipat Vongruang, Chotchanit Thienchai, Pongsakorn Wongchana, Jitinun Prommarin
Results in Engineering · 2025
This study investigates airborne microplastic particles (MCPs) and pollutant emissions generated from the dry-mixing process of asphalt concrete incorporating recycled plastic (ACP). Airborne MCPs in construction environments raise potential health concerns, as prolonged exposure to fine particulate matter has been associated with respiratory inflammation and other adverse health effects. The dry-mixing method, which involves blending plastic waste with heated aggregates before adding the asphalt binder, was analyzed under controlled laboratory conditions across mixing, laying, and in-service phases. Pollutant emissions and airborne particulates were collected and analyzed, focusing on identifying MCPs through visual and spectrometric techniques. The results indicate that ACP mixing emitted more fine particles (0.30–1.00 µm) than conventional asphalt concrete (AC), significantly increasing during laying. However, in-service emissions were comparable between ACP and AC , suggesting no long-term MCP contamination. Additionally, plastic waste inclusion reduced PM2.5 concentrations by 51 % during mixing, potentially mitigating worker exposure to fine particulates, but increased PM2.5 levels by 74 % during laying, necessitating protective measures for occupational safety. Microstructural analysis confirmed no detectable airborne MCP contamination, as spectral matching remained below 80 %. While ACP exhibited a slight increase in VOC emissions, all levels remained within occupational health limits, with no significant rise in hazardous compounds. Heavy metal analysis further confirmed that ACP incorporation did not introduce statistically significant toxic elements. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of emissions from ACP production, supporting its potential application with appropriate safety considerations.
Assessments of General Public and Occupational Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields from 115/22 kV Substations in Urban Areas of Thailand
Peerapol Jirapong, Napat Jakrawatana, Panida Thararak, Sirawit Hariwon, Sekthaphong Chaisuwan, Supanida Kaewwong, Pongsak Junpong, Thitiwon Menthakanuwong, Kanapot Langka
Lecture notes in electrical engineering · 2024
Measuring sustainability performance of rice cultivation in Thailand using Sustainable Rice Platform indicators
Rattanawan Mungkung, Saruda Sitthikitpanya, Ratcha Chaichana, Krisada Bamrungwong, Yuwanan Santitaweeroek, Napat Jakrawatana, Thapat Silalertruksa, Shabbir H. Gheewala
International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability · 2022
The sustainability level of current rice farming practices in Thailand was assessed based on in-field data from interviewing 2000 farmers covering six rice varieties and their different production systems. Data were collected on farmers’ characteristics and farming activities according to the 41 requirements of the Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) standard. The SRP scores ranged from 53 to 81%, with the best performance by Khao Dawk Mali 105 cultivated in rainfed, organic production systems. The key success factors were linked to the formation of a farmer group resulting in very good performance on farm management, Integrated Pest Management, health and safety, and water use. The proposed 12 performance indicators (PIs) interconnected with the 41 requirements are considered appropriate to measure and monitor progress toward sustainable rice cultivation for policy makers. PIs for good governance, affordability of living costs, energy-use efficiency, and life satisfaction could potentially be added, considering the local context in relation to sustainable agriculture goals. The successful cases of SRP-certified rice farms and the benefits from SRP implementation should be conveyed to with other rice farmers to induce wider implementation. The SRP scores and PIs were useful to identify areas requiring priority interventions to make progress toward sustainability.
Water-Energy-Food Nexus Review for Biofuels Assessment
Abass A. Gazal, Napat Jakrawatana, Thapat Silalertruksa, Shabbir H. Gheewala
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development · 2021
The appropriate use of limited natural resources for generating basic human needs such as energy, food, and water, is essential to help the society function efficiently. Hence, a new approach called nexus is being considered to resolve the effects of intrinsic trade-offs between the essential needs. A review of different methods and frameworks of the water-energy-food nexus was done in this article to give a detailed repository of information on existing approaches and advocate the development of a more holistic quantitative nexus method. Assessing biofuels under the water-energy-food nexus perspective, this review addresses the sustainability of bioenergy production. The results show the countries that can sustainably produce first-generation biofuels. Only a few methods have varied interdisciplinary procedures to analyse the nexus, and more analytical software and data on resource availability/use are needed to address trade-offs between these interacting resource sectors constituting the nexus. Also, “land” is suggested as an additional sector to consider in future studies using both the nexus index and life cycle assessment methodology. The review reveals that to tackle composite challenges related to resource management, cross-disciplinary methods are essential to integrate environmental, socio-political facets of water, energy, and food; employ collaborative frameworks; and seek the engagement of decision-makers.
Non-OPC binder based on a hybrid material concept for sustainable road base construction towards a low-carbon society
Thanon Bualuang, Peerapong Jitsangiam, Teewara Suwan, Ubolluk Rattanasak, Napat Jakrawatana, Nanticha Kalapat, Hamid Nikraz
Journal of Materials Research and Technology · 2021
In this study, a non-OPC binder as a cementless material for a road base stabilizer was established based on a hybrid material concept between the pozzolanic and the alkali-activated materials. Solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used as an alkali additive in a dry mixing process to compensate for the early strength in a pozzolanic-based material matrix with its intrinsic property of delaying the strength gain. Effects of varied NaOH concentrations on the fly ash (FA) and hydrated lime (HL) mixes to generate such a non-OPC binder were investigated through the mechanical properties and microstructure observations. The selected non-OPC binders were then mixed with the road base aggregate to evaluate non-OPC-based mixtures' properties against the road base material specifications. The results revealed that the non-OPC binder, the FA–HL mix (FA:HL = 90:10 by weight) with the NaOH content of 3.5% wt by dry aggregate mass, provided the most effective mechanical properties an entire network of gel and needles-sharp cementitious products. Based on the pavement design conducted in this study, the flexible pavement with the non-OPC base layer provided a significantly lower cost and GHG emission than those of the OPC-based material as a benchmark. This non-OPC binder with a hybrid material concept reveals a great potential to be a cleaner product in road construction and rehabilitation for a new era of our low-carbon society.
Carbon flow and management in regional rice production in Thailand
Napat Jakrawatana, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Sirintornthep Towprayoon
Figshare · 2019
This research aims to study the Carbon (C) flow, stock and management in rice production system, including rice cultivation, rice processing and management of rice by-products. The study boundaries are the rice production systems of four districts in Phayao province and the assessment technique is Material Flow Analysis (MFA). The results show that there was a positive C stock each year from large input of biomass residue. However, C loss from soil respiration still was very high because of the long fallow period. Straw was plowed back to the soil and tilled just a few days before flooding time causing high methane emissions at the beginning of cultivation. The recommendations for technology and management practices include harvesting straw for composting and returning the compost to soil, plowing the rest of the straw back to soil more than 30 days before the flooding period, accepting crop rotation practice instead of leaving the land fallow and finally, setting up a gasification or pyrolysis plant using straw to produce energy and by-product of bio-char for farmer to return it back to the soil. Applying feed-in-tariff or incentives like C-credit for reducing methane and C-credit for increasing C stock in the soil are also recommended.
Water, Energy and Food Nexus in Rice Production in Thailand
Pitak Ngammuangtueng, Napat Jakrawatana, Pariyapat Nilsalab, Shabbir H. Gheewala
Sustainability · 2019
This research introduces an approach to analyze the nexus of water, energy and rice production system at the watershed scale. The nexus relationship equations, developed to suit the local scale facilitating analysis in the rice production sector, were integrated with a Material Flow Analysis tool to expand the visualization capability. Moreover, the nexus flow was linked with the selected resource security, eco-efficiency and economic indicators, taking into account the spatial and temporal effect of water availability. The study covers the nexus resource flows not only in the rice production sector but also all other sectors in the whole watershed to assess local resource security. The tool covers wider implications, trade-offs and synergy impacts that were not much covered in previous studies. The tool was applied to evaluate the trade-offs and synergies of the impacts from proposed scenarios of alternative agricultural practices and land-use change options. The scenarios applying land-use change, and changing non-suitable and low-suitable rice cultivation areas to sugarcane and cassava, can reduce water use significantly resulting in reducing the nexus energy while the impact on economics, food security and direct energy use is small.
Water–Energy–Food Nexus of Sugarcane Production in Ethiopia
Wasihun G. Hailemariam, Thapat Silalertruksa, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Napat Jakrawatana
Environmental Engineering Science · 2019
Abstract Globally, the human population is facing difficulties vis-à-vis the ability to secure a sustainable supply of water, food, and energy due to the rising number of population, urbanization, globalization, and so on. The Ethiopian government has given emphasis on sugar and ethanol production from sugarcane, which will highly increase water and energy utilization in Ethiopia. The study aims to assess the water–energy–food nexus (WEFN) in the sugarcane production sector of Ethiopia. The set of indicators considering the consumption, mass, and economic productivity of water and energy in three different sugarcane producing factories in Ethiopia (Wonji-Shoa, Metehara, and Fincha) has been applied. An integrated indicator, so-called “water–energy–food nexus index (WEFNI),” is calculated to identify and compare the WEFN performance of the study sites. The assessment results helped to understand the water–energy–sugarcane relationships. The best nexus performance was found for Wonji Shoa, which has the highest WEFNI score that is, 0.63, followed by Fincha (0.47) and Metehara (0.45). The nexus assessment showed that the higher energy use in Wonji Shoa due to the modern irrigation technology implemented can be compensated by the reduction of water loss and productivity improvement, which finally lead to the increased WEFNI score. Recommendations such as adoption of modern irrigation system and substitution of fertilizers by filter cake are made for improving the WEFN of sugarcane cultivation. This study helps producers and stakeholders to understand their management performance and take actions to improve their productivity, profit, and resource management.
Carbon flow and management in regional rice production in Thailand
Napat Jakrawatana, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Sirintornthep Towprayoon
Carbon Management · 2019
This research aims to study the Carbon (C) flow, stock and management in rice production system, including rice cultivation, rice processing and management of rice by-products. The study boundaries are the rice production systems of four districts in Phayao province and the assessment technique is Material Flow Analysis (MFA). The results show that there was a positive C stock each year from large input of biomass residue. However, C loss from soil respiration still was very high because of the long fallow period. Straw was plowed back to the soil and tilled just a few days before flooding time causing high methane emissions at the beginning of cultivation. The recommendations for technology and management practices include harvesting straw for composting and returning the compost to soil, plowing the rest of the straw back to soil more than 30 days before the flooding period, accepting crop rotation practice instead of leaving the land fallow and finally, setting up a gasification or pyrolysis plant using straw to produce energy and by-product of bio-char for farmer to return it back to the soil. Applying feed-in-tariff or incentives like C-credit for reducing methane and C-credit for increasing C stock in the soil are also recommended.
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