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Water Footprint and Impact of Water Consumption for Food, Feed, Fuel Crops Production in Thailand

Shabbir H. Gheewala, Thapat Silalertruksa, Pariyapat Nilsalab, Rattanawan Mungkung, Sylvain Perret, Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn

Water · 2014

The proliferation of food, feed and biofuels demands promises to increase pressure on water competition and stress, particularly for Thailand, which has a large agricultural base. This study assesses the water footprint of ten staple crops grown in different regions across the country and evaluates the impact of crop water use in different regions/watersheds by the water stress index and the indication of water deprivation potential. The ten crops include major rice, second rice, maize, soybean, mungbean, peanut, cassava, sugarcane, pineapple and oil palm. The water stress index of the 25 major watersheds in Thailand has been evaluated. The results show that there are high variations of crop water requirements grown in different regions due to many factors. However, based on the current cropping systems, the Northeastern region has the highest water requirement for both green water (or rain water) and blue water (or irrigation water). Rice (paddy) farming requires the highest amount of irrigation water, i.e., around 10,489 million m3/year followed by the maize, sugarcane, oil palm and cassava. Major rice cultivation induces the highest water deprivation, i.e., 1862 million m3H2Oeq/year; followed by sugarcane, second rice and cassava. The watersheds that have high risk on water competition due to increase in production of the ten crops considered are the Mun, Chi and Chao Phraya watersheds. The main contribution is from the second rice cultivation. Recommendations have been proposed for sustainable crops production in the future.

Environmental performance of brackish water polyculture system from a life cycle perspective: A Filipino case study

Joël Aubin, Aurèle Baruthio, Rattanawan Mungkung, Jérôme Lazard

Aquaculture · 2014

Improving Productivity and Environmental Performance of Aquaculture

Richard Waite, M.C.M. Beveridge, R.E. Brummett, S.A. Castine, Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn, Sadasivam Kaushik, Rattanawan Mungkung, Supawat Nawapakpilai, Michael J. Phillips

2014

Exploratory analysis of resource demand and the environmental footprint of future aquaculture development using Life Cycle Assessment

Rattanawan Mungkung, Michael Phillips, Sarah Castine, M.C.M. Beveridge, Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn, Supawat Nawapakpilai, Richard Waite

AquaDocs (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) · 2014

Increases in fish demand in the coming decades are projected to be largely met by growth of aquaculture. However, increased aquaculture production is linked to higher demand for natural resources and energy as well as emissions to the environment. This paper explores the use of Life Cycle Assessment to improve knowledge of potential environmental impacts of future aquaculture growth. Different scenarios of future aquaculture development are taken into account in calculating the life cycle environmental impacts. The environmental impact assessments were built on Food and Agriculture Organization statistics in terms of production volume of different species, whereas the inputs and outputs associated with aquaculture production systems were sourced from the literature. The matrix of input-output databases was established through the Blue Frontiers study.

The environmental impacts of lowland paddy rice: A case study comparison between rainfed and irrigated rice in Thailand

Sylvain-Roger Perret, Kwansirinapa Thanawong, Claudine Basset-Mens, Rattanawan Mungkung

Cahiers Agricultures · 2013

North-eastern Thailand is an essential production area for high-quality fragrant rice for domestic use and export. While rainfed conditions largely prevail, plans to extend irrigation are drafted. This article compares paddy rice production under irrigation and rainfed conditions. Techno-economic performances were analysed jointly with environmental impacts, based upon life cycle analysis, and energy and water use analyses. Data were collected in 2010 from 45 diverse rice cropping systems in the Lam Sieo Yai Basin, according to three systems, namely wet-season rain-fed (Rw), wet-season irrigation (Iw), and dry-season irrigation (Id) systems. Wide-ranging performances and impacts were observed, while cropping practices were relatively homogeneous. Differentiation of systems originated mostly from differences in yield, which were largely impacted by water supply. The results highlight the low performances and high impacts of Id systems. They require mostly blue water, while the two other systems rely primarily on green water. Id systems also require more energy and labour, due to increased water management needs. The productivity of most production factors was higher in Rw and Iw systems. Emissions proved relatively similar across systems, with the exception of CH4, which was markedly lower in Rw systems due to specific water and organic residue management. Id systems systematically emitted more nitrates, phosphates, and pesticides. Rw systems showed the lowest environmental impacts per ha and per kg of paddy rice produced. The average Global Warming Potential was 2.97 kg CO2-eq per kg rice in Rw systems, 4.87 in Iw systems, and 5.55 in Id systems. This article further discusses the results in view of contrasting perspectives, including societal objectives, farmer income and environmental integrity, and possible irrigation development in north-eastern Thailand.

Product carbon footprinting and labeling in Thailand: experiences from an exporting nation

Shabbir H. Gheewala, Rattanawan Mungkung

Carbon Management · 2013

Product carbon footprinting has gained much attention in recent years as many national and international standards have been formulated as well as several carbon labeling schemes. Thailand has also made efforts in this direction over the past several years and is in fact the first country in the southeast Asian region to have developed national guidelines for carbon footprint calculation and labeling. During the process of conducting product carbon footprinting for pilot studies, many issues of concern were raised, some of which may be common to all countries, while others were more specific for tropical countries exporting agricultural products. Experiences are drawn from the study of several national (Publicly Available Specification 2050, Japanese and Thai national guidelines) and international (ISO14067) standards, including the application of some of these to several product carbon footprinting studies. Issues of data collection, grouping of products, co-product allocation, land-use change, product category rules, type of carbon label and consumer understanding have been discussed, with some possible solutions given to address these issues. The cost of carbon footprinting and labeling are also discussed, along with their implications on companies implementing carbon footprinting. Finally, suggestions are made for issues to be discussed at the international level with a view to harmonizing the carbon footprinting methodology, as well as to address the specific concerns of developing countries that have a large volume of agriculture-based exports.

Life Cycle Assessment for environmentally sustainable aquaculture management: a case study of combined aquaculture systems for carp and tilapia

Rattanawan Mungkung, Joël Aubin, Tri Heru Prihadi, Jacques Slembrouck, Hayo van Der Werf, Marc Legendre

Journal of Cleaner Production · 2013

Implications of the biofuels policy mandate in Thailand on water: The case of bioethanol

Shabbir H. Gheewala, Thapat Silalertruksa, Pariyapat Nilsalab, Rattanawan Mungkung, Sylvain Perret, Nuttapon Chaiyawannakarn

Bioresource Technology · 2013

Product carbon footprinting in Thailand: A step towards sustainable consumption and production?

Rattanawan Mungkung, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Claver Kanyarushoki, Almudena Hospido, Hayo van Der Werf, Ngamtip Poovarodom, Sébastien Bonnet, Joël Aubin, Marı́a Teresa Moreira, Gumersindo Feijóo

Environmental Development · 2012

Water Assessment of Agrofuels Feedstock Cultivation: Methodology Approaches

Pariyapat Nilsalab, Shabbir H. Gheewala, Rattanawan Mungkung

Environment and Natural Resources Journal · 2012

The promotion of agrofuels for transportation may exacerbate the water demand especially due to increased agriculture. Water Footprint (WF) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are the two well-developed approaches for evaluating quantities and potential impacts of water used for the entire product system and its supply chain. WF defines water based on source and pollution as green, blue and gray water while LCA accounts for water based on types of water use. Considering a result interpretation for water inventory, WF gives a more meaningful result than LCA in terms of water resource management. Likewise, LCA is more appropriate than WF for assessing impact via cause and effect relationship. As more water is usually required for growing the feedstock during cultivation rather than for processing agrofuels, WF and LCA can be applied together for water assessment of agrofuels feedstock cultivation. WF is applied at the inventory level to reflect the competition for water due to agriculture for food, feed, fibre and fuel. Then LCA is conducted using impact assessment for quantitative evaluation of water use with respect to water scarcity. Spatial data, meteorological data, agricultural practices and land use are required. The alternative results for expansion of the feedstock cultivation areas can be obtained through a scenario analysis. In conclusion, it is seen that both these methods are useful for assessing water and may likely be developed further for sustainability assessment of agrofuels.